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Table 3 Adjusted associated factors of sleep quality for the total population and stratified by regional area of living

From: Sleep quality in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: distribution, associated factors and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors

 

Association with sleep quality (OR with 95% CI)

Variable

Total

Beijing

Shanghai

Gender (female vs. male)

0.51 (0.41–0.64)*

0.55 (0.40–0.75)*

0.50 (0.36–0.71)*

Residential location (rural vs. urban)

1.27 (1.01–1.60)*

1.08 (0.77–1.52)

1.66 (1.13–2.43)*

Geographic location

(Beijing vs. Shanghai)

0.61 (0.51–0.73)*

  

Body Mass Index (BMI)

   

   normal vs. over weight

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

1.05 (0.84–1.30)

0.81 (0.65–1.01)

   under weight vs. over weight

0.74 (0.49–1.12)

0.35 (0.17–0.72)

1.03 (0.60–1.76)

Smoking

   

   current vs. never smoker

0.90 (0.71–1.14)

0.79 (0.58–1.08)

1.05 (0.72–1.55)

   former vs. never smoker

0.98 (0.72–1.32)

1.15 (0.78–1.70)

0.69 (0.42–1.13)

Alcohol drinking (No vs. yes)

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

0.95 (0.74–1.23)

0.89 (0.65–1.22)

Physical activity

   

   high vs. low

1.09 (0.81–1.46)

0.93 (0.62–1.39)

1.26 (0.81–1.95)

   moderate vs. low

0.94 (0.70–1.28)

0.81 (0.53–1.23)

1.07 (0.68–1.68)

Educational level, years in school

   

   group 1 vs. 3

1.24 (0.97–1.59)

1.38 (0.98–1.94)

0.91 (0.61–1.35)

   group 2 vs. 3

1.06 (0.86–1.30)

1.13 (0.84–1.53)

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

Marital status

(no spouse vs. spouse)

1.25 (1.00–1.56)*

1.14 (0.84–1.55)

1.52 (1.07–2.15)*

Medical insurance (no vs. yes)

0.73 (0.59–0.90)*

0.84 (0.60–1.16)

0.77 (0.55–1.07)

Employment

   

   employed vs. retired

1.05 (0.86–1.28)

1.07 (0.80–1.43)

0.96 (0.72–1.28)

   unemployed vs. retired

1.00 (0.81–1.25)

0.80 (0.59–1.08)

1.30 (0.93–1.81)

Social activity (no vs. yes)

0.80 (0.69–0.94)*

0.83 (0.66–1.03)

0.80 (0.64–1.00)*

Self rated health status (good vs. not good)

2.48 (2.08–2.96)*

2.25 (1.76–2.88)*

2.63 (2.03–3.41)*

Diabetes (no vs. yes)

1.01 (0.82–1.26)

1.10 (0.84–1.44)

0.98 (0.68–1.41)

Cardiovascular disease (no vs. yes)

1.47 (1.15–1.88)*

1.25 (0.92–1.71)

2.14 (1.41–3.26)*

Arthritis (no vs. yes)

1.23 (0.99–1.53)

1.40 (1.04–1.89)*

1.11 (0.81–1.53)

Depressive Symptoms

(no vs. yes)

4.05 (3.12–5.26)*

3.91 (2.88–5.29)*

5.00 (2.94–8.52)*

Total hours of sleep/day

*

*

*

   <7 vs. 9< hrs

0.10 (0.07–0.14)*

0.10 (0.07–0.15)*

0.10 (0.05–0.17)*

   7–9 vs. 9< hrs

0.58 (0.42–0.78)*

0.64 (0.44–0.92)*

0.53 (0.31–0.92)*

  1. Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval. *P < 0.05.
  2. Group 1, 2 and 3 for educational level are 0–6, 7–9 and ≥10 years in school respectively.