Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants by region
Variable, N (%) | Total | Beijing | Shanghai | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Female gender | 1819 (55.71) | 894 (54.91) | 925 (56.51) | 0.3599 |
Rural residence | 1638 (50.17) | 808 (49.63) | 830 (50.70) | 0.5405 |
Age, mean(std) | 58.59 (6.01) | 58.30 (5.95) | 58.87 (6.06) | 0.0072 |
Age category, years | Â | Â | Â | 0.0134 |
   50≤ age <60 | 1845 (56.51) | 955 (58.66) | 890 (54.37) |  |
   60≤ age ≤70 | 1420 (43.49) | 673 (41.34) | 747 (45.63) |  |
BMI, mean(std) | 24.46 (3.59) | 25.26 (3.65) | 23.67 (3.35) | <.0001 |
BMI category | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   Under weight | 111 (3.40) | 37 (2.27) | 74 (4.52) |  |
   Normal | 1411 (43.22) | 570 (35.01) | 841 (51.37) |  |
   Over weight/Obese | 1743 (53.38) | 1021 (62.71) | 722 (44.11) |  |
Currently married (YES, %) | 2862 (87.66) | 1407 (86.43) | 1455 (88.88) | 0.0328 |
Living alone (YES, %) | 185 (5.67) | 93 (5.72) | 92 (5.62) | 0.9056 |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   Current | 910 (27.87) | 508 (31.20) | 402 (24.56) |  |
   Former | 326 (9.98) | 206 (12.65) | 120 (7.33) |  |
   Never | 2029 (62.14) | 914 (56.14) | 1115 (68.11) |  |
Current alcohol drinker | 930 (28.48) | 602 (36.98) | 328 (20.04) | <.0001 |
Physical activity, level | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   Low | 242 (7.41) | 128 (7.86) | 114 (6.96) |  |
   Moderate | 1368 (41.90) | 581 (35.69) | 787 (48.08) |  |
   High | 1655 (50.69) | 919 (56.45) | 736 (44.96) |  |
Educational level, years in school | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   0–6 | 1348 (41.29) | 562 (34.52) | 786 (48.01) |  |
   7–9 | 1163 (35.62) | 698 (42.87) | 465 (28.41) |  |
   ≥10 | 754 (23.09) | 368 (22.60) | 386 (23.58) |  |
Medical insurance (YES, %) | 2280 (70.05) | 872 (53.83) | 1408 (86.12) | <.0001 |
Annual income, Yuan | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   <10000 | 903 (29.07) | 396 (25.13) | 507 (33.14) |  |
   10000–29999 | 1409 (45.36) | 797 (50.57) | 612 (40.00) |  |
   ≥30000 | 794 (25.56) | 383 (24.30) | 411 (26.86) |  |
Employment | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   Employed | 778 (23.83) | 386 (23.71) | 392 (23.95) |  |
   Retired | 1803 (55.22) | 842 (51.72) | 961 (58.70) |  |
   Unemployed/on welfare | 684 (20.95) | 400 (24.57) | 284 (17.35) |  |
Social activities (YES, %) | 1661 (50.87) | 848 (52.09) | 813 (49.66) | 0.1659 |
Self-rated health status (good, %) | 1041 (31.90) | 483 (29.69) | 558 (34.11) | 0.0067 |
Diabetes (YES, %) | 446 (14.04) | 292 (18.83) | 154 (9.48) | <.0001 |
Metabolic syndrome (YES, %) | 1392 (42.63) | 815 (50.06) | 577 (35.25) | <.0001 |
Hyperlipidemia (YES, %) | 430 (13.78) | 257 (17.11) | 173 (10.69) | <.0001 |
Cardiovascular disease (YES, %) | 327 (10.24) | 228 (14.53) | 99 (6.10) | <.0001 |
Pulmonary disease (YES, %) | 238 (7.33) | 118 (7.30) | 120 (7.37) | 0.9399 |
Arthritis (YES, %) | 431 (13.41) | 227 (14.29) | 204 (12.55) | 0.1458 |
Prostatism (YES, %) | 150 (10.81) | 77 (11.21) | 73 (10.43) | 0.6402 |
Depressive symptoms (YES, %) | 307 (9.40) | 241 (14.80) | 66 (4.03) | <.0001 |
Sleeping pills intake (YES, %) | 97 (2.97) | 59 (3.63) | 38 (2.32) | 0.0281 |
Having nap (YES, %) | 1382 (42.33) | 911 (55.96) | 471 (28.77) | <.0001 |
Sleep quality | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   Well | 1736 (53.17) | 757 (46.50) | 979 (59.80) |  |
   Common | 1001 (30.66) | 558 (34.28) | 443 (27.06) |  |
   Poor | 528 (16.17) | 313 (19.23) | 215 (13.13) |  |
Sleep quantity, total hours of sleep/day | Â | Â | Â | <.0001 |
   <7 | 799 (24.47) | 346 (21.25) | 453 (27.67) |  |
   7–9 | 2208 (67.63) | 1119 (68.73) | 1089 (66.52) |  |
   >9 | 258 (7.90) | 163 (10.01) | 95 (5.80) |  |