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Table 3 Adjusted* geometric means (95% confidence interval) by quartile of creatinine corrected urinary cadmium and smoking status.

From: The association of urinary cadmium with sex steroid hormone concentrations in a general population sample of US adult men

 

Quartile 1 < 0.18 μg/g

Quartile 2 0.18–0.33 μg/g

Quartile 3 0.34–0.62 μg/g

Quartile 4 ≥ 0.63 μg/g

p-trend

Total testosterone, ng/mL

     

   Never smokers

5.03 (4.68, 5.41)

4.88 (4.27, 5.58)

4.12 (3.26, 5.22)

4.24 (3.24, 5.55)

0.06

   Former smokers

4.34 (3.91, 4.81)

4.16 (3.60, 4.80)

4.52 (4.20, 4.87)

4.49 (4.05, 4.98)

0.49

   Current smokers

5.74 (5.08, 6.48)

5.78 (5.34, 6.27)

6.09 (5.81, 6.39)

6.39 (5.86, 6.96)

0.12

Total estradiol, pg/mL

     

   Never smokers

31.7 (29.0, 34.6)

34.0 (31.4, 36.7)

34.3 (30.8, 38.2)

30.2 (23.6, 38.7)

0.97

   Former smokers

33.0 (30.1, 36.2)

33.0 (31.0, 35.0)

32.6 (30.8, 34.4)

33.5 (31.0, 36.2)

0.73

   Current smokers

40.2 (36.3, 44.5)

39.1 (37.0, 41.3)

44.3 (42.3, 46.5)

43.2 (40.7, 45.8)

0.26

SHBG, nmol/L

     

   Never smokers

32.4 (29.6, 35.3)

32.6 (29.8, 35.6)

31.3 (27.1, 36.1)

32.5 (26.8, 39.3)

0.88

   Former smokers

36.2 (30.6, 42.8)

32.2 (29.7, 34.8)

37.3 (33.5, 41.7)

37.8 (34.1, 41.8)

0.28

   Current smokers

39.3 (34.7, 44.5)

36.3 (31.7, 41.6)

33.7 (31.0, 36.6)

37.6 (33.2, 42.7)

0.71

Androstanediol glucuronide, ng/mL

     

   Never smokers

12.9 (12.0, 13.8)

11.3 (9.9, 13.0)

11.7 (9.7, 14.0)

13.1 (11.0, 15.7)

0.80

   Former smokers

14.0 (11.8, 16.7)

11.8 (10.3, 13.6)

10.5 (9.7, 11.3)

11.7 (9.6, 14.4)

0.64

   Current smokers

12.1 (9.8, 14.9)

12.5 (10.0, 15.4)

10.8 (8.7, 13.3)

11.0 (9.3, 12.9)

0.53

Estimated free testosterone, ng/mL

     

   Never smokers

0.102 (0.094, 0.111)

0.099 (0.088, 0.111)

0.084 (0.063, 0.112)

0.085 (0.064, 0.114)

0.14

   Former smokers

0.083 (0.075, 0.091)

0.084 (0.071, 0.099)

0.086 (0.079, 0.093)

0.084 (0.076, 0.093)

0.97

   Current smokers

0.109 (0.097, 0.123)

0.114 (0.106, 0.123)

0.129 (0.121, 0.137)

0.126 (0.117, 0.136)

0.09

Estimated free estradiol, pg/mL

     

   Never smokers

0.81 (0.73, 0.90)

0.86 (0.79, 0.94)

0.89 (0.78, 1.00)

0.77 (0.60, 1.00)

0.92

   Former smokers

0.84 (0.75, 0.94)

0.86 (0.80, 0.92)

0.82 (0.78, 0.87)

0.84 (0.77, 0.91)

0.87

   Current smokers

1.00 (0.90, 1.10)

0.99 (0.92, 1.05)

1.16 (1.09, 1.23)

1.09 (1.01, 1.17)

0.39

Estradiol*1000/total testosterone

     

   Never smokers

6.67 (6.06, 7.35)

7.37 (6.08, 8.93)

8.81 (6.75, 11.50)

7.54 (6.20, 9.17)

0.16

   Former smokers

8.08 (6.96, 9.37)

8.41 (7.36, 9.60)

7.62 (7.02, 8.28)

7.89 (7.10, 8.77)

0.71

   Current smokers

7.41 (6.75, 8.14)

7.15 (6.62, 7.72)

7.71 (7.25, 8.19)

7.16 (6.58, 7.79)

0.51

Total testosterone/SHBG

     

   Never smokers

0.539 (0.490, 0.593)

0.520 (0.470, 0.575)

0.457 (0.337, 0.619)

0.453 (0.332, 0.619)

0.25

   Former smokers

0.416 (0.364, 0.474)

0.448 (0.382, 0.525)

0.420 (0.380, 0.464)

0.412 (0.370, 0.459)

0.59

   Current smokers

0.507 (0.456, 0.563)

0.552 (0.491, 0.621)

0.628 (0.575, 0.685)

0.588 (0.535, 0.646)

0.31

Estradiol*1000/SHBG

     

   Never smokers

3.60 (3.09, 4.19)

3.83 (3.37, 4.36)

4.03 (3.29, 4.93)

3.42 (2.62, 4.45)

0.88

   Former smokers

3.35 (2.70, 4.15)

3.77 (3.37, 4.20)

3.20 (2.90, 3.53)

3.25 (2.86, 3.70)

0.52

   Current smokers

3.75 (3.30, 4.27)

3.95 (3.44, 4.53)

4.84 (4.35, 5.38)

4.22 (3.66, 4.86)

0.72

  1. *Adjusted for age (continuous) and race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican-American, and other), serum cotinine (continuous), household income (< $20,000 and ≥ $20,000), physical activity (none, 1–2, and ≥ 3 times a week), alcohol consumption (< 12 and ≥ 12 drinks in the past year), percent body fat (continuous), blood lead (log-transformed, continuous), and serum selenium (continuous)