Table 1 Age and race-ethnicity adjusted participant characteristics* by quartile of creatinine corrected urinary cadmium
Quartile 1 < 0.18 μg/g | Quartile 2 0.18–0.33 μg/g | Quartile 3 0.34–0.62 μg/g | Quartile 4 ≥ 0.63 μg/g | p-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 31.7 (0.8) | 37.1 (0.7) | 44.6 (1.3) | 54.3 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hispanic white, % | 83.9 (2.9) | 80.3 (3.4) | 74.5 (5.6) | 74.3 (5.2) | 0.07 |
Non-Hispanic black, % | 6.5 (1.5) | 10.9 (2.2) | 8.1 (1.1) | 11.1 (1.7) | 0.03 |
Mexican-American, % | 4.2 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 4.5 (0.9) | 4.7 (0.8) | 0.99 |
Current smokers, % | 11.2 (2.1) | 20.4 (3.7) | 42.9 (4.2) | 73.6 (2.4) | < 0.001 |
Former smokers, % | 29.3 (4.3) | 33.9 (4.2) | 35.8 (3.7) | 25.7 (3.2) | 0.06 |
Serum cotinine, ng/mL | 26.4 (8.4) | 39.6 (8.4) | 107.2 (12.9) | 231.0 (12.1) | < 0.001 |
Low income, % | 24.1 (3.0) | 20.4 (2.7) | 31.0 (2.9) | 42.1 (4.0) | < 0.001 |
Consume alcohol, % | 75.6 (4.1) | 71.5 (3.4) | 74.8 (3.2) | 72.7 (3.8) | 0.76 |
No exercise, % | 40.6 (6.1) | 30.1 (3.5) | 41.0 (4.4) | 55.2 (4.2) | 0.005 |
Percent body fat, mean percent | 25.8 (0.5) | 26.1 (0.5) | 25.4 (0.6) | 24.7 (0.5) | 0.05 |
Blood lead, μg/dL† | 3.2 (2.8, 3.6) | 3.6 (3.2, 4.0) | 4.3 (3.9, 4.8) | 5.5 (4.9, 6.3) | < 0.001 |
Serum selenium, ng/mL | 126.5 (2.7) | 126.7 (1.1) | 127.3 (1.3) | 121.7 (1.3) | 0.05 |