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Table 3 Cotinine levels (ng/mL) in children's urine and maternal self-reported smoking habit at 4 years

From: A longitudinal study of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children: Parental self reports versus age dependent biomarkers

Maternal self-reported smoking habit at 4 years

Urinary cotinine in children at 4 years (ng/mL)

 

N

Median

Adjusted GM

CI 95%

NENS

102

4.65

4.53

(3.71–5.48)

ENS

62

6.45

7.10*

(5.61–8.99)

DEN child (Tertiles)

    

   ≤ 2

39 (62.9%)

5.40

6.38

(4.98–8.18)

   2–4

15 (24.2%)

6.50

7.23

(4.83–10.81)

   >4

8 (12.9%)

10.80

11.38

(6.55–19.77)

S

142

19.15

19.68*

(16.83–23.01)

NDI mother (Tertiles)

    

   ≤ 3.6

15 (10.6%)

9.90

9.75

(6.14–15.49)

   3.6–9

48 (33.8%)

13.45

12.45

(9.59–16.14)

   >9

79 (55.6%)

28.50

30.41***

(24.89–37.24)

  1. * p-value < 0.05 in relation to NENS
  2. *** p-value < 0.001 in relation to the first tertile of maternal NDI
  3. GM: geometric mean; CI: confidence interval; NENS: non exposed-non smoker; ENS: exposed-non smoker; S: smoker; NDI:nicotine daily intake; DEN: daily exposure to nicotine.