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Table 3 Age and multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) of the actual number of prevalent chronic diseases by educational level among men and women aged 50 to 75 years in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort, applying multinomial logistic regression models (Reference category: highest educational level)

From: The impact of education on risk factors and the occurrence of multimorbidity in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort

 

Men

Women

Educational Level

Middle

Low

 

Middle

Low

 

N

OR

95%-CI

OR

95%-CI

N

OR

95%-CI

OR

95%-CI

Age-adjusted

          

Morbidity 1

          

0

657

1

   

576

1

   

1

1439

1.35

1.01–1.81

1.08

0.89–1.32

1249

1.31

1.00–1.71

1.41

1.11–1.80

2

1595

1.51

1.14–2.02

1.18

0.97–1.44

1458

1.22

0.94–1.59

1.50

1.19–1.91

3

1246

1.65

1.22–2.23

1.44

1.16–1.77

1124

1.29

0.98–1.71

1.64

1.28–2.11

4

800

1.69

1.21–2.36

1.72

1.37–2.17

634

1.67

1.22–2.31

1.85

1.38–2.48

5

374

2.00

1.30–3.09

2.55

1.88–3.45

335

1.77

1.16–2.68

2.33

1.61–3.39

≥ 6

293

1.96

1.19–3.23

3.08

2.18–4.33

218

1.54

0.89–2.66

3.31

2.08–5.27

P for trend

 

<0.001

 

0.002

  

0.015

 

0.003

 

Multivariate-adjusted #

          

Morbidity 1

          

0

647

1

   

566

1

   

1

1392

1.32

0.98–1.78

1.02

0.82–1.27

1182

1.26

0.96–1.66

1.31

1.01–1.71

2

1511

1.44

1.07–1.93

1.11

0.89–1.38

1344

1.17

0.89–1.53

1.30

1.00–1.68

3

1142

1.43

1.04–1.95

1.19

0.94–1.49

1000

1.11

0.82–1.48

1.31

1.00–1.73

4

744

1.50

1.06–2.12

1.39

1.07–1.79

551

1.50

1.06–2.12

1.30

0.94–1.81

5

353

1.64

1.04–2.57

1.76

1.26–2.45

285

1.47

0.94–2.32

1.60

1.05–2.43

≥ 6

253

1.44

0.83–2.49

2.24

1.52–3.29

186

1.47

0.78–2.76

2.53

1.45–4.41

P for trend

 

0.039

 

0.003

  

0.021

 

0.039

 

Age-adjusted

          

Metabolic diseases 2

          

0

1504

1

   

1606

1

   

1

2480

1.36

1.11–1.66

1.10

0.96–1.27

2562

1.28

1.08–1.53

1.39

1.19–1.63

2

2121

1.53

1.24–1.88

1.41

1.22–1.63

1749

1.43

1.17–1.75

1.85

1.55–2.22

3/4

1054

1.81

1.39–2.36

2.40

1.99–2.89

454

1.72

1.18–2.50

3.08

2.23–4.26

P for trend

 

0.009

 

0.089

  

0.007

 

0.042

 

Multivariate-adjusted #

          

Metabolic diseases 2

          

0

1422

1

   

1483

1

   

1

2334

1.30

1.06–1.61

0.99

0.85–1.16

2329

1.19

0.99–1.43

1.24

1.04–1.48

2

2004

1.36

1.09–1.69

1.16

0.98–1.37

1602

1.29

1.04–1.60

1.38

1.13–1.69

3/4

999

1.51

1.14–2.02

1.62

1.31–2.00

402

1.40

0.93–2.12

1.76

1.21–2.55

P for trend

 

0.043

 

0.113

  

0.012

 

0.018

 
  1. # adjusted for smoking status, BMI (continuous; kg/m2), fruit intake (continuous; g/day), vegetable intake (continuous; g/day), alcohol consumption (continuous; g/day), age (continuous; years), combined total physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active)
  2. 1Number of the prevalent chronic conditions mentioned in table 1
  3. 2Number of prevalent metabolic diseases, including hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia
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