From: Correlates of illicit methadone use in New York City: A cross-sectional study
Non-injection drug users | Injection drug users | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Current IM use | No current IM use | Total | Current IM use | No current IM use | |||
n = 955 | n = 113 | n = 842 | n = 460 | n = 157 | n = 303 | |||
n(%) d | n(%) | n(%) | p-value a | n(%) d | n(%) | n(%) | p-value a | |
Lifetime drug use | ||||||||
Polysubstance use e | 831 (87.0) | 111 (98.2) | 720 (85.5) | < 0.001 | 455 (98.9) | 155 (98.7) | 300 (99.1) | 0.779b |
Crack | 722 (75.6) | 91 (80.5) | 631 (74.9) | 0.194 | 383 (83.3) | 136 (86.6) | 247 (81.5) | 0.164 |
Cocaine | 902 (94.5) | 107 (94.7) | 795 (94.4) | 0.906 | 451 (98.0) | 154 (98.1) | 297 (98.0) | 0.959 |
Heroin | 631 (66.1) | 111 (98.2) | 520 (61.8) | < 0.001 | 458 (99.6) | 157 (100.0) | 301 (99.3) | 0.549b |
Current drug use (in last 6 months) | ||||||||
Crack | ||||||||
None | 226 (23.7) | 22 (19.5) | 204 (24.2) | 0.264 | 84 (18.3) | 21 (13.4) | 63 (20.8) | 0.051 |
Less than daily | 374 (39.2) | 50 (44.2) | 324 (38.5) | 0.238 | 189 (41.1) | 72 (45.9) | 117 (38.6) | 0.134 |
Daily | 236 (24.7) | 25 (22.1) | 211 (25.1) | 0.497 | 69 (15.0) | 25 (15.9) | 44 (14.5) | 0.690 |
Cocaine | ||||||||
None | 53 (5.5) | 6 (5.3) | 47 (5.6) | 0.906 | 27 (5.9) | 7 (4.5) | 20 (6.6) | 0.354 |
Less than daily | 613 (64.2) | 72 (63.7) | 541 (64.3) | 0.911 | 252 (54.8) | 87 (55.4) | 165 (54.5) | 0.845 |
Daily | 91 (9.5) | 14 (12.4) | 77 (9.1) | 0.270 | 136 (29.6) | 58 (36.9) | 78 (25.7) | 0.013 |
Heroin | ||||||||
None | 320 (33.5) | 1 (0.9) | 319 (37.9) | < 0.001 | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.3) | 1.000b |
Less than daily | 354 (37.1) | 59 (52.2) | 295 (35.0) | < 0.001 | 190 (41.3) | 48 (30.6) | 142 (46.9) | 0.001 |
Daily | 167 (17.5) | 51 (45.1) | 116 (13.8) | < 0.001 | 303 (65.9) | 131 (83.4) | 172 (56.8) | < 0.001 |
Methamphetamine | ||||||||
None | 892 (93.4) | 101 (89.4) | 791 (93.9) | 0.067 | 415 (90.2) | 137 (87.3) | 278 (91.7) | 0.098 |
Less than daily | 16 (1.7) | 5 (4.4) | 11 (1.3) | 0.030b | 12 (2.6) | 7 (4.5) | 5 (1.7) | 0.073b |
Daily | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000b | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.0) | 1.000b |
Marijuana | ||||||||
None | 163 (17.1) | 19 (16.8) | 144 (17.1) | 0.922 | 104 (22.6) | 23 (14.6) | 81 (26.7) | 0.003 |
Less than daily | 342 (35.8) | 47 (41.6) | 295 (35.0) | 0.184 | 187 (40.7) | 72 (45.9) | 115 (38.0) | 0.114 |
Daily | 381 (39.9) | 40 (35.4) | 341 (40.5) | 0.281 | 148 (32.2) | 56 (35.7) | 92 (30.4) | 0.268 |
Alcohol | ||||||||
None | 133 (13.9) | 16 (14.2) | 117 (13.9) | 0.939 | 122 (26.5) | 37 (23.6) | 85 (28.1) | 0.301 |
Less than daily | 624 (65.3) | 76 (67.3) | 548 (65.1) | 0.649 | 294 (63.9) | 104 (66.2) | 190 (62.7) | 0.454 |
Daily | 195 (20.4) | 21 (18.6) | 174 (20.7) | 0.606 | 44 (9.6) | 16 (10.2) | 28 (9.2) | 0.743 |
Drug dependence, past year | ||||||||
Heroin dependence | 381 (39.9) | 97 (85.8) | 284 (33.7) | < 0.001 | 421 (91.5) | 156 (99.4) | 265 (87.5) | < 0.001 |
Crack dependence | 509 (53.3) | 62 (54.9) | 447 (53.1) | 0.846 | 213 (46.3) | 77 (49.0) | 136 (44.9) | 0.595 |
Cocaine dependence | 516 (54.0) | 70 (61.9) | 446 (53.0) | 0.069 | 308 (67.0) | 105 (66.9) | 203 (67.0) | 0.674 |
Withdrawal symptoms in last 6 months | 343 (35.9) | 72 (63.7) | 271 (32.3) | < 0.001 | 276 (60.0) | 104 (66.2) | 172 (56.8) | 0.003 |
Drug treatment, last 6 months | ||||||||
Detoxification | 167 (17.5) | 28 (24.8) | 139 (16.5) | 0.034 | 171 (37.2) | 47 (29.9) | 124 (40.9) | 0.018 |
Methadone maintenance | 145 (15.2) | 35 (30.1) | 110 (13.1) | < 0.001 | 167 (36.3) | 120 (39.6) | 47 (29.9) | 0.942 |
Medical outcomes | ||||||||
HIV+ | 101 (10.6) | 6 (5.3) | 95 (11.3) | 0.056 | 22 (4.8) | 6 (3.8) | 16 (5.3) | 0.457 |
HCV+ | 36 (3.8) | 6 (5.3) | 30 (3.6) | 0.247b | 255 (55.4) | 86 (54.8) | 169 (55.8) | 0.596 |
HBV+ | 211 (22.1) | 24 (21.2) | 187 (22.2) | 0.832 | 141 (30.7) | 47 (29.9) | 94 (31.0) | 0.763 |
Overdose | 94 (9.8) | 19 (16.8) | 75 (8.9) | 0.008 | 96 (20.9) | 39 (24.8) | 57 (18.8) | 0.131 |
Sexual behaviors | ||||||||
Mean age 1 st intercourse (SD) c | 14.0 (3.0) | 13.9 (3.1) | 14.0 (2.9) | 0.652 | 14.1 (2.7) | 14.5 (2.4) | 13.9 (2.8) | 0.020 |
Mean number of sexual partners (SD) c | 4.8 (14.2) | 3.6 (7.5) | 4.9 (14.8) | 0.144 | 3.9 (9.8) | 4.7 (13.6) | 3.4 (6.7) | 0.319 |
Traded sex for money/drugs | 304 (31.8) | 32 (28.3) | 272 (32.3) | 0.389 | 131 (28.5) | 48 (30.6) | 83 (27.4) | 0.487 |
Sexual partners in last 2 months | ||||||||
Crack user | 354 (37.1) | 38 (33.6) | 316 (37.5) | 0.655 | 96 (20.9) | 32 (20.4) | 64 (21.1) | 0.818 |
Cocaine user | 323 (33.8) | 41 (36.3) | 282 (33.5) | 0.496 | 104 (22.6) | 41 (26.1) | 63 (20.8) | 0.239 |
Heroin use | 230 (24.1) | 54 (47.8) | 176 (20.9) | < 0.001 | 123 (26.7) | 47 (29.9) | 76 (25.1) | 0.247 |
Lifetime IDU | 81 (8.5) | 16 (14.2) | 65 (7.7) | 0.034 | 122 (26.5) | 39 (24.8) | 83 (27.4) | 0.576 |
Recent IDU | 50 (5.2) | 10 (8.8) | 40 (4.8) | 0.069 | 110 (23.9) | 36 (22.9) | 74 (24.4) | 0.693 |
Partner MSM f | 388 (40.6) | 36 (31.9) | 352 (41.8) | 0.061 | 156 (33.9) | 51 (32.5) | 105 (34.7) | 0.573 |
Hepatitis infected | 34 (3.6) | 8 (7.1) | 26 (3.1) | 0.040b | 38 (8.3) | 12 (7.6) | 26 (8.6) | 0.639 |
HIV infected | 47 (4.9) | 3 (2.7) | 44 (5.2) | 0.930b | 9 (2.0) | 4 (2.5) | 5 (1.7) | 0.385b |