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Table 4 Association between endoscopy use and poverty rate at ZIP5 and ZIP3 level by examining six potential pathways.

From: Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening

 

Model I

Model II

Model III

Model IV

Model V

Model VI

Model VII

Model VIII

Model IX

Fixed Effects

         

   ZIP5 poverty (>= 10% vs. <10%)

-

0.66 (0.54–0.79)

0.66 (0.55–0.79)

0.64 (0.52–0.78)

0.70 (0.58–0.85)

0.66 (0.54–0.80)

0.68 (0.56–0.81)

0.66 (0.54–0.80)

0.72 (0.58–0.90)

IOR *

-

0.18–2.38

0.19–2.28

0.17–2.35

0.20–2.49

0.18–2.38

0.19–2.42

0.18–2.38

0.21–2.48

   ZIP3 poverty (>= 20% vs. <20%)

-

0.68 (0.55–0.84)

0.74 (0.57–0.95)

0.65 (0.53–0.79)

0.65 (0.55–0.76)

0.68 (0.55–0.84)

0.72 (0.57–0.91)

0.67 (0.54–0.83)

0.69 (0.56–0.85)

IOR

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Random Effects

         

   ZIP5 [Var. (SE)]

0.513 (0.165)

0.505 (0.155)

0.467 (0.134)

0.518 (0.159)

0.487 (0.130)

0.501 (0.150)

0.495 (0.152)

0.506 (0.155)

0.462 (0.122)

MOR†

1.98

1.97

1.92

1.99

1.95

1.96

1.96

1.97

1.91

ICC (%)

13.49

13.31

12.43

13.60

12.89

13.22

13.08

13.33

12.31

PCV‡ (%)

-

-1.56

-8.97

-0.97

-5.07

-2.34

-3.51

-1.36

-9.94

   ZIP3 [Var. (SE)]

0.095 (0.033)

0.016 (0.020)

0

0.021 (0.022)

0

0.013 (0.018)

0.019 (0.020)

0.017 (0.020)

0

MOR

1.34

1.13

1.00

1.15

1.00

1.11

1.14

1.13

1.00

ICC (%)

2.81

0.48

0

0.63

0

0.39

0.57

0.51

0

   ZIP3 & ZIP5

0.608

0.521

0.467

0.539

0.487

0.514

0.514

0.523

0.462

MOR

2.10

1.99

1.92

2.01

1.95

1.98

1.98

1.99

1.91

DIC §

4213

4151

4056

4119

3747

4145

4125

4142

3659

  1. Note: Model I is an empty model; Model II only contains area poverty; Model III contains area poverty and demographic variable (age, gender, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, employment and income); Model IV contains area poverty and health condition variables (BMI < weight/height2>, chronic diseases history <asthma, diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and heart attack> and depression/anxiety history); Model V contains area poverty and access to care variables (health plan coverage, primary care physician and routine check-up for medical status); Model VI contains area poverty and emotional support; Model VII contains area poverty and health-related behaviors (smoking, alcohol-consumption and physical exercise); Model VIII contains area poverty and self-rated health status; Model IX contains area poverty and all individual-level factors. * IOR: Interval odds ratio; † MOR: Median odds ratio; ‡ PCV: Proportional change in variance relative to Model I; §DIC, Deviance information criterion; ¶ P < 0.01.