Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening

Lian, Min; Schootman, Mario; Yun, Shumei

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-358

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population age 50 or older from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, Missouri, 2006

From: Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening

Variable	ZIP-5 level poverty rate				ZIP-3 level poverty rate
	<10%	10~19%	>= 20%	P	<10%	10~19%	>= 20%	P
Number of ZIP-5 areas	251	289	119		-	-	-
Number of ZIP-3 areas	-	-	-		4	19	2
Number of Participants*	1152	1346	489		586	2307	124
†
CRC screening use				<0.001				<0.001
No	43.5	51.5	51.4		42.3	49.1	60.3
Yes	56.5	48.6	48.6		57.7	50.9	39.7
Endoscopy use				<0.001				<0.001
No	49.7	57.9	57.4		47.6	55.6	65.8
Yes	50.3	42.2	42.6		52.4	44.4	34.2
FOBT use				0.118				0.753
No	84.8	85.8	88.8		85.7	85.9	88.2
Yes	15.2	14.3	11.3		14.3	14.2	11.8
Demographics
Age				0.045				0.088
50–64 years	52.7	47.7	49.7		54.1	49.1	48.4
65+ years	47.3	52.3	50.3		45.9	50.9	51.6
Sex				0.891				0.126
Male	37.8	38.5	37.4		40.3	37.9	30.7
Female	62.2	61.5	62.6		59.7	62.1	69.4
Race/ethnicity				<0.001				<0.001
White	92.5	91.1	60.9		91.1	85.3	92.7
African American	2.2	3.2	31.5		2.6	8.9	1.6
Hispanic/Others	4.6	5.0	6.1		5.5	5.0	4.0
Refused	0.7	0.7	1.4		0.9	0.8	1.6
Marital Status				<0.001				<0.001
Married	57.0	52.8	38.9		61.1	50.2	47.6
Not married	42.9	47.1	61.2		38.9	49.7	52.4
Refused	0.1	0.1	0.0		0.0	0.1	0.0
Education				<0.001				<0.001
≥ College-level	51.3	42.3	40.5		48.8	45.6	26.6
<College-level	48.7	57.7	59.5		51.2	54.4	73.4
Employment				0.003				<0.001
Employed	38.6	37.0	30.5		41.7	35.7	26.8
Unemployed	17.3	19.0	24.8		14.5	20.2	30.1
Retired	44.1	43.9	44.7		43.8	44.2	43.1
Household income				<0.001				<0.001
>$50, 000	30.0	17.8	16.0		32.8	19.9	19.4
$25,000 – 50,000	28.5	30.6	24.5		27.1	29.4	21.8
<$25,000	27.3	38.0	47.7		28.5	36.4	50.0
Missing	14.3	13.6	11.9		11.6	14.4	8.9
Health Condition
Body Mass Index				0.027				0.468
<25.0	31.6	31.4	26.2		28.7	31.3	26.6
25.0 – 29.9	39.0	36.3	38.2		39.1	37.4	37.9
30+	26.8	30.6	33.6		29.4	29.6	33.9
Missing	2.6	1.6	1.8		2.9	1.8	1.6
History of chronic Diseases				0.001				0.445
No	64.3	57.4	54.2		62.8	58.8	60.5
One or more	34.9	41.8	45.0		36.5	40.3	39.5
Don't know	0.8	0.9	0.8		0.7	0.9	0.0
Anxiety/Depression				0.377				0.036
No	75.4	73.2	73.6		73.9	74.3	68.6
Yes	20.1	20.5	20.5		22.0	19.6	28.2
Don't know	4.5	6.3	5.9		4.1	6.1	3.2
Access to Care
Health insurance				<0.001				<0.001
Yes	94.3	92.3	88.3		96.6	91.4	91.1
No	5.6	7.4	11.7		3.2	8.5	7.3
Don't know	0.2	0.3	0.0		0.2	0.1	1.6
Having a primary care physician			0.011					0.114
Yes	92.2	90.5	87.5		92.8	90.1	91.9
No	7.8	9.5	12.5		7.2	9.9	8.1
Routine check-up				0.001
<1 yr	75.0	70.7	75.7		77.7	72.2	71.0
2–5 yrs	17.4	16.6	13.9		16.2	16.5	16.9
>5 yrs/Never	7.1	11.1	9.8		5.5	10.2	11.3
Don't know	0.5	1.6	0.6		0.7	1.1	0.8
Social Support
Emotional support			<0.001					0.021
Always/Usually	78.2	74.2	65.0		79.2	73.1	72.6
Sometimes/Never	17.2	19.4	28.8		16.4	20.8	24.2
Missing	4.6	6.5	6.1		4.4	6.1	3.2
Health-related behavior
Smoking status				0.013				<0.001
Never	47.7	47.0	41.5		46.4	46.7	42.7
Former	37.1	34.1	37.0		41.8	34.3	32.3
Current Smoker	15.0	18.9	21.1		11.6	18.9	23.4
Missing	0.2	0.1	0.4		0.2	0.1	1.6
Heavy alcohol use				0.877				0.151
No	94.5	94.6	94.3		94.5	94.3	99.2
Yes	3.9	3.4	3.7		4.1	3.6	0.8
Missing	1.6	2.0	2.0		1.4	2.0	0.0
Physically Active				<0.001				<0.001
Yes	71.3	63.7	62.0		71.2	65.9	52.4
No	28.7	36.3	38.0		28.8	34.1	47.6
Health Status
Self-rated Health				<0.001				<0.001
Good/Above	75.4	67.7	62.4		75.5	68.8	60.5
Fair/Poor	24.6	32.3	37.6		24.5	31.2	39.5

* Participants with missing poverty rate were not listed; † values showed below are percentages.

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