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Table 1 Characteristics of cases and controls for Chinese men and women from Hong Kong in 1998

From: Does economic development contribute to sex differences in ischaemic heart disease mortality? Hong Kong as a natural experiment using a case-control study

  

35–64

65+

  

IHD

Pneumonia

IHD

Pneumonia

Characteristic

 

Cases

Controls †

Restricted controls ‡

Cases

Controls §

Cases

Controls †

Restricted controls ‡

Cases

Controls §

Men

N

224

3190

3146

127

3287

965

8382

8153

1195

8152

   Age

Mean

56.7

53.7

53.7

55.2

53.9

76.9

76.8

76.7

80.9

76.2

   Education

No formal (%)

10

12

12

17

11

28

33

33

36

32

 

Primary (%)

52

48

48

55

48

49

48

48

45

49

 

Secondary (%)

38

40

40

28

41

23

19

19

19

19

   Housing type

Hut/shared (%)

11

13

13

12

13

7

10

10

9

9

 

Public estate (%)

47

49

49

51

48

45

49

49

48

49

 

Self-owned (%)

38

33

33

27

33

42

35

35

34

36

 

Other (%)

4

5

5

10

5

5

7

7

9

6

   Birthplace

Hong Kong (%)

38

38

38

35

39

15

12

12

12

13

   10 years previously

           

   Exercise

<1/month (%)

76

75

75

86

74

64

69

69

69

68

   Smoking

Never (%)

35

33

33

23

34

36

28

28

34

28

 

Ex-smoker (%)

7

6

6

8

6

20

21

21

24

21

 

Current smoker (%)

58

61

61

69

60

44

51

51

43

51

   Alcohol use

Never (%)

47

56

44

45

43

57

48

48

54

48

Women

N

68

1553

1314

48

1573

967

7717

7332

1339

7345

   Age

Mean

57.5

53.0

53.3

54.1

53.1

81.0

80.9

81.1

85.6

80.0

   Education

No formal (%)

35

24

26

38

24

70

71

71

75

70

 

Primary (%)

40

45

45

42

45

22

23

23

18

24

 

Secondary (%)

25

31

29

21

31

8

6

6

7

6

   Housing type

Hut/shared (%)

7

8

8

13

8

9

9

9

10

8

 

Public estate (%)

49

50

51

54

50

46

45

46

43

46

 

Self-owned (%)

38

38

37

29

38

39

37

37

33

38

 

Other (%)

6

4

4

4

4

6

9

9

14

7

   Birthplace

Hong Kong (%)

29

45

44

38

45

13

13

14

13

13

   10 years previously

           

   Exercise

<1/month (%)

74

69

69

77

69

63

66

66

71

64

   Smoking

Never (%)

88

90

89

85

90

79

76

76

80

76

 

Ex-smoker (%)

1

1

1

0

1

7

9

9

8

8

 

Current smoker (%)

10

9

10

14

9

14

15

15

12

15

   Alcohol use

Never (%)

87

89

89

85

89

89

87

87

87

87

  1. IHD = ischaemic heart disease
  2. † all deaths excluding IHD deaths
  3. ‡ all deaths excluding deaths from IHD and hormone related cancers, i.e. breast cancer (ICD-9: 174), prostate cancer (ICD-9: 185), ovarian cancer (ICD-9: 183), and endometrial cancer (ICD-9: 182), and also diabetes (ICD-9: 250)
  4. § all deaths excluding deaths from pneumonia