From: Area-level poverty and preterm birth risk: A population-based multilevel analysis
County Poverty Rate | Reference 1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | Highest Poverty 4th quartile | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 92,072 | 196,672 | 170,701 | 175,549 | |
Demographic factors | |||||
Maternal age (mean ± SD) | 27.0 ± 5.4 | 27.33 ± 5.8 | 25.4 ± 5.7 | 24.9 ± 5.8 | < 0.0001 |
Reside inside city limits (n,%) | 64,198 (69.1%) | 121,346 (61.7%) | 143,357 (84.0%) | 124,625 (71.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Black race (n,%) | 1,823 (2.0%) | 29,384 (14.9%) | 26,551 (15.5%) | 47,140 (26.8%) | < 0.0001 |
Mother's education level < high school (n,%) | 12,180 (13.2%) | 26,930 (13.7%) | 37,232 (21.8%) | 51,609 (29.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Father's education level < high school (n,%) | 7,697 (8.4%) | 13,794 (7.0%) | 19,384 (11.4%) | 22,270 (12.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Married (n,%) | 73,198 (79.5%) | 147,841 (75.2%) | 111,350 (65.2%) | 102,479 (58.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Indicators of low SES * (n,%) | 25,066 (27.2%) | 64,428 (32.8%) | 87,947 (51.5%) | 111,913 (63.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Prenatal Care | |||||
Inadequate prenatal care ** (n,%) | 8,246 (9.0%) | 21,285 (10.8%) | 26,455 (15.5%) | 38,045 (21.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Behaviors | |||||
Maternal tobacco use (n,%) | 21,084 (22.9%) | 36,417 (18.5%) | 40,774 (23.9%) | 43,416 (24.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Maternal alcohol use (n,%) | 1,703 (1.8%) | 4,755 (2.4%) | 4,003 (2.3%) | 3,671 (2.1%) | < 0.0001 |
Medical Risk Factors | |||||
Medical risk factors (n,%) | 19,792 (21.5%) | 37,235 (18.9%) | 36,802 (21.6%) | 40,055 (22.8%) | < 0.0001 |