Table 3 Relationships between attitudes to work and mental health among prisoners and the unemployed (separated regressions).
General Health Questionnaire [0–100] | CES-Depression [0–100] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b1 | L952 | U953 | SE4 | p5 | b | L95 | U95 | SE | p | |||
Prison inmates | Intercept | 81.4 | 46.8 | 116.0 | 17.0 | < 0.001 | 63.9 | 9.3 | 118.6 | 26.9 | 0.023 | |
- employment commitment | Perceived importance of work | -0.28 | -0.50 | -0.07 | 0.11 | 0.012 | -0.02 | -0.36 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.923 | |
- socio-psychological variables | Empowerment | 0.23 | -0.17 | 0.63 | 0.19 | 0.244 | -0.10 | -0.72 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.752 | |
Self-esteem | -0.24 | -0.47 | -0.02 | 0.11 | 0.037 | -0.11 | -0.47 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.557 | ||
Social network; availability of social support | -0.06 | -0.22 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.426 | -0.19 | -0.43 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.136 | ||
- socio-demographic variables | Age | 15–24 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.993 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.473 |
25–34 | -0.50 | -9.1 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 3.2 | -10.4 | 16.7 | 6.7 | ||||
35–44 | -1.4 | -12.3 | 9.4 | 5.3 | -7.7 | -24.9 | 9.5 | 8.4 | ||||
45 or more | 0.01 | -11.0 | 11.1 | 5.4 | -3.6 | -21.1 | 13.8 | 8.6 | ||||
Educational level | Lower level | 0 | - | - | - | 0.147 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.022 | |
Average level | 4.4 | -2.8 | 11.6 | 3.5 | -16.4 | -27.8 | -5.0 | 5.6 | ||||
Higher level | 11.9 | -0.84 | 24.7 | 6.3 | -10.4 | -30.5 | 9.8 | 9.9 | ||||
Duration of work experience | None | 0 | - | - | - | 0.157 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.922 | |
Less than 24 months | -10.5 | -21.6 | 0.63 | 5.5 | -1.6 | -19.2 | 16.0 | 8.6 | ||||
24 months or more | -5.3 | -15.5 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 0.88 | -15.1 | 16.9 | 7.9 | ||||
Considers self to be ill | No | 0 | - | - | - | 0.119 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.802 | |
Yes | -6.9 | -15.6 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 1.7 | -12.1 | 15.5 | 6.8 | ||||
Unemployed | Intercept | 63.0 | 36.7 | 89.3 | 13.0 | < 0.001 | 85.5 | 67.5 | 103.5 | 8.9 | < 0.001 | |
- employment commitment | Perceived importance of work | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.78 | 0.15 | 0.003 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.61 | 0.10 | < 0.001 | |
- socio-psychological variables | Empowerment | -0.50 | -1.1 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.092 | -0.82 | -1.2 | -0.42 | 0.20 | < 0.001 | |
Self-esteem | -0.47 | -0.84 | -0.10 | 0.18 | 0.013 | -0.33 | -0.59 | -0.08 | 0.12 | 0.010 | ||
Social network; availability of social support | 0.05 | -0.14 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.603 | -0.07 | -0.19 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.297 | ||
- socio-demographic variables | Age | 15–24 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.355 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.093 |
25–34 | 0.47 | -11.1 | 12.0 | 5.7 | -8.8 | -16.7 | -0.91 | 3.9 | ||||
35–44 | 8.0 | -3.9 | 19.9 | 5.9 | -5.4 | -13.5 | 2.8 | 4.0 | ||||
45 or more | 10.3 | -1.9 | 22.5 | 6.0 | -0.32 | -8.7 | 8.0 | 4.1 | ||||
Level of education | Lower level | 0 | - | - | - | 0.017 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.026 | |
Average level | -10.8 | -20.2 | -1.4 | 4.7 | -7.8 | -14.2 | -1.3 | 3.2 | ||||
Higher level | 3.6 | -6.9 | 14.2 | 5.2 | 0.75 | -6.5 | 8.0 | 3.6 | ||||
Duration of work experience | None | 0 | - | - | - | 0.040 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.973 | |
Less than 24 months | 8.2 | -1.6 | 18.0 | 4.9 | -0.68 | -7.4 | 6.0 | 3.3 | ||||
24 months or more | -8.0 | -20.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | -0.71 | -8.9 | 7.5 | 4.1 | ||||
Considers self to be ill | No | 0 | - | - | - | 0.005 | 0 | - | - | - | 0.455 | |
Yes | 15.7 | 5.0 | 26.5 | 5.3 | 2.7 | -4.6 | 10.1 | 3.6 | ||||