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Table 5 Rates of prescription drugs and risk (odds ratio) of multiple classes prescribed by ACE Score with and without adjustment for potential mediating health-related conditions shown to have a graded relationship to the ACE Score

From: Adverse childhood experiences and prescription drug use in a cohort study of adult HMO patients

 

Prescription drug rates

ACE Score

Rate PPPY*

Model A RR† (95% CI)

Model B RR‡ (95% CI)

% Decrease due to mediation

   0

8.41

1.00 (referent)

1.00 (referent)

···

   1

9.40

1.06 (1.01–1.11)

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

67

   2

9.96

1.13 (1.07–1.19)

1.04 (0.99–1.10)

69

   3

10.28

1.15 (1.08–1.23)

1.05 (0.99–1.12)

67

   4

11.58

1.25 (1.16–1.35)

1.06 (0.98–1.15)

76

   5 or more

12.05

1.44 (1.33–1.56)

1.13 (1.05–1.23)

70

Overall

9.59

   

p-value, trend

 

< 0.0001

0.0016

Median = 69

 

Multiple prescription medication classes

ACE Score

Proportion in Top Decile*

Model A OR† (95% CI)

Model B OR‡ (95% CI)

% Decrease due to mediation

   0

10.84

1.00 (referent)

1.00 (referent)

···

   1

13.49

1.19 (1.05–1.35)

1.14 (1.00–1.29)

26

   2

14.19

1.24 (1.08–1.43)

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

67

   3

15.70

1.33 (1.13–1.58)

1.11 (0.93–1.33)

67

   4

17.76

1.57 (1.30–1.90)

1.22 (1.00–1.50)

61

   5 or more

20.71

2.00 (1.67–2.40)

1.41 (1.15–1.73)

59

Overall

14.05

   

p-value, trend

 

< 0.0001

0.0026

Median = 61

  1. PPPY, per person per year
  2. * Age standardized using the method of direct standardization and the 2000 US standard population
  3. † Adjusted for age, sex, race, education
  4. ‡ Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and all documented health-related problems shown to have a graded relationship to the ACE Score (see Table 1)