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Table 6 Cox's proportional hazard regression model for multiple risk factors (alcohol consumption, high psychological distress, and current smoking) and emergency department presentations in NSW, 2002–2004

From: The effects of alcohol consumption, psychological distress and smoking status on emergency department presentations in New South Wales, Australia

 

Emergency Department Presentation Prevalence Rate Ratioa(95% CI)

Males

16–29 years

30–59 years

60+ years

Total Males

High risk alcohol/current smoker/high psych distress

2.62† (1.45, 4.73)

1.69 (0.98, 2.94)

0.09 (0.01, 1.52)

1.95† (1.40, 2.72)

High risk alcohol/high psych distress

1.94* (1.01, 3.75)

1.10 (0.68, 1.78)

0.82 (0.28, 2.38)

1.48* (1.02, 2.15)

High risk alcohol/current smoker

3.20 (0.67, 15.16)

1.60 (0.40, 6.41)

0 (0.00, 0.01)

2.25 (0.52, 9.71)

High psych distress/current smoker

3.28* (1.09, 9.85)

2.95† (2.11, 4.10)

0.54 (0.11, 2.67)

2.65† (1.98, 3.56)

None of these

1

1

1

1

Females

16–29 years

30–59 years

60+ years

Total Females

High risk alcohol/current smoker/high psych distress

2.19 (0.59, 8.15)

3.44† (1.84, 6.43)

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

2.67* (1.35, 5.30)

High risk alcohol/high psych distress

2.26† (1.56, 3.28)

1.31* (1.05, 1.64)

0.99 (0.07, 13.48)

1.78† (1.34, 2.37)

High risk alcohol/current smoker

3.37* (1.27, 8.93)

2.59 (0.78, 8.64)

10.77† (4.42, 26.22)

3.21† (1.82, 5.67)

High psych distress/current smoker

1.66 (0.84, 3.25)

1.79* (1.19, 2.69)

2.58 (0.92, 7.26)

1.82† (1.50, 2.22)

None of these

1

1

1

1

Persons

16–29 years

30–59 years

60+ years

Total Persons

High risk alcohol/current smoker/high psych distress

2.38* (1.19, 4.76)

2.33† (1.54, 3.55)

0.10 (0.01, 1.70)

2.28† (1.57, 3.33)

High risk alcohol/high psych distress

2.09† (1.36, 3.21)

1.20 (0.90, 1.59)

0.94 (0.34, 2.58)

2.68† (1.35, 5.30)

High risk alcohol/current smoker

3.13† (1.45, 6.76)

2.07 (0.97, 4.42)

2.57 (0.43, 15.31)

1.63* (1.26, 2.10)

High psych distress/current smoker

2.32* (1.29, 4.17)

2.26† (1.65, 3.11)

1.60 (0.69, 3.73)

2.17† (2.00, 2.36)

None of these

1

1

1

1

  1. Source: New South Wales Population Health Survey, Centre for Epidemiology and Research, NSW Department of Health.
  2. a Controlling for household income and marital status.
  3. † P < 0.01. * P < 0.05.