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Table 7 Associations with substance use patterns; multinomial logistic regression analysis

From: Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic and opioid medicament use and its co-occurrence with tobacco smoking and alcohol risk drinking in a community sample

 

Comparison group: None of the 3 substances taken

Any substance usea

 

Current smokers, no alcohol risk drinking, no SOb use

Current smokers, alcohol risk drinking no SOb use

No current smokers, alcohol risk drinking no SOb use

All SOb usersc

 

Gender

     

   Men

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   Women

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

0.13 (0.10–0.18)

0.2 (0.16–0.26)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.4 (0.39–0.5)

Age (years)

     

   20–39

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   40–59

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

0.7 (0.56–0.99)

1.1 (0.9–1.5)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

0.6 (0.5–0.8)

   60–79

0.14 (0.10–0.18)

0.09 (0.06–0.15)

0.5 (0.3–0.6)

1.9 (1.1–3.4)

0.2 (0.17–0.3)

Education (years)

     

   > 10

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   10

1.9 (1.5–2.5)

1.5 (1.0–2.1)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

2.2 (1.2–4.2)

1.5 (1.3–1.7)

   < 10

2.3 (1.7–3.1)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

2.3 (1.2–4.4)

1.5 (1.3–1.8)

Incomed (Euro)

     

   > 1440

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   950 – < 1440

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

1.1 (0.96–1.3)

   < 950

1.4 (1.2–1.8)

1.6 (1.2–2.2)

0.9 (0.6–1.1)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

1.3 (1.1–1.4)

Outpatient care

     

   not neurologist or psychiatrist

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   neurologist or psychiatrist

0.7 (0.5–0.996)

0.5 (0.3–0.9)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

2.9 (2.0–4.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

Inpatient care (days)

     

   No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   1–9

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

1.2 (0.6–2.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

   10 or more

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

Psychiatric disorders (number)

     

   0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   1 – 2

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

2.0 (1.2–3.3)

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

   3 or more

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

4.2 (2.5–6.8)

1.3 (0.99–1.7)

  1. a Logistic regression analysis for any of the 3 substances used versus none of the 3 substances used.
  2. Odds ratios (95%-confidence intervals).
  3. Current smokers: current cigarette smokers, alcohol risk drinking according to [14],
  4. b Sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics or opioids: ATC groups N01AF, N01AG, N03AA, N05CA, N05CB, N03AE, N05BA, N05CD, N05CF, N05BC, N05CE, N05CM, N05CX, A07DA52, N01AH, N02AA, N02AB, N02AC, N02AD, N02AE, N02AF, N02AG, N02AX, N02CX58 [13] during the past 7 days prior to the health examination.
  5. c This group includes SO users with or without current smoking or alcohol risk drinking. All subgroups of SO users were taken together because of small cell frequencies.
  6. d Household-income divided by number of persons per household.
  7. Ref: Reference category.