Table 5 Associations between gender, age and sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic and opioid medication use; multinomial logistic regression analysis

Gender

   Men

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   Women

2.0 (1.3–2.9)

2.0 (1.1–3.8)

1.5 (1.3–1.7)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.4 (0.8–2.4)

Age (years)

   20–39

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   40–59

2.5 (1.7–3.8)

2.6 (1.3–4.9)

2.3 (2.1–2.5)

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

1.1 (0.6–2.1)

   60–79

25.7 (19.3–34.1)

11.5 (5.0–26.5)

10.9 (9.0–13.3)

2.3 (1.8–3.1)

1.0 (0.4–2.5)

Education (years)

   > 10

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   10

1.6 (0.99–2.6)

2.9 (1.2–7.4)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.7 (1.0–2.7)

3.0 (1.2–7.8)

   < 10

2.3 (1.5–3.6)

2.5 (0.9–6.7)

1.3 (1.0–1.5)

1.9 (1.2–3.0)

2.0 (0.7–5.8)

Income ^c (Euro)

   > 1440

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   950 – < 1440

0.7 (0.5–0.98)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

0.8 (0.6–0.99)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

1.0 (0.5–2.4)

   < 950

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

1.1 (0.7–1.8)

0.8 (0.6–0.9)

1.4 (0.96–1.9)

1.5 (0.8–2.7)

Outpatient care

   not neurologist or psychiatrist

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   neurologist or psychiatrist

8.6 (4.5–16.4)

3.8 (2.5–5.7)

2.6 (2.0–3.3)

3.4 (2.0–5.7)

1.5 (0.97–2.3)

Inpatient care (days)

   no

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   1–9

1.0 (0.5–2.1)

3.3 (1.4–7.6)

1.5 (1.2–1.9)

0.7 (0.3–1.4)

2.2 (1.0–5.0)

   10 or more

2.4 (1.4–4.2)

3.0 (1.5–5.9)

2.0 (1.5–2.7)

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

1.5 (0.9–2.7)

Psychiatric disorders, number

   0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   1 – 2

2.3 (1.2–4.6)

2.4 (1.2–4.5)

1.4 (1.3–1.5)

1.7 (0.9–3.2)

1.7 (0.9–3.2)

   3 or more

6.7 (3.5–13.0)

6.5 (4.2–9.9)

2.0 (1.7–2.3)

3.4 (1.8–6.5)

3.2 (2.1–5.0)