Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression models of cocaine only and opiate only and both cocaine and opiate overdose deaths among all accidental drug decedents ages 15–64, New York City, 1990–2000*
From: Cocaine- and opiate-related fatal overdose in New York City, 1990–2000
Cocaine only overdose deaths | Opiate only overdose deaths | Cocaine and opiate overdose deaths | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted | Adjusted | Adjusted | ||||
Characteristics | OR | 95 CI | OR | 95 CI | OR | 95 CI |
Sex | ||||||
Female | REF | --- | REF | --- | REF | --- |
Male | 0.77 | 0.68–0.87 | 1.22 | 1.08–1.38 | 1.05 | 0.94–1.17 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White | REF | --- | REF | --- | REF | --- |
Black | 3.23 | 2.85–3.67 | 0.36 | 0.32–0.41 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.04 |
Hispanic | 1.37 | 1.19–1.58 | 0.78 | 0.69–0.87 | 1.06 | 0.94–1.18 |
Age | ||||||
15–24 | REF | --- | REF | --- | REF | --- |
25–34 | 1.41 | 1.07–1.88 | 0.68 | 0.54–0.84 | 1.15 | 0.93–1.43 |
35–44 | 1.35 | 1.02–1.78 | 0.86 | 0.69–1.06 | 0.98 | 0.80–1.21 |
45–54 | 1.81 | 1.36–2.41 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.15 | 0.73 | 0.58–0.91 |
55–64 | 2.95 | 2.09–4.17 | 0.80 | 0.58–1.09 | 0.49 | 0.36–0.67 |
Borough of death | ||||||
Manhattan | REF | --- | REF | --- | REF | --- |
Bronx | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | 1.13 | 0.99–1.28 | 0.90 | 0.80–1.02 |
Brooklyn | 1.04 | 0.92–1.19 | 1.46 | 1.29–1.65 | 0.70 | 0.63–0.79 |
Queens | 1.05 | 0.89–1.24 | 1.34 | 1.15–1.55 | 0.75 | 0.66–0.86 |
Staten Island | 1.28 | 0.90–1.81 | 1.30 | 0.96–1.76 | 0.67 | 0.49–0.90 |
Place of OD episode | ||||||
Other inside (not residence) | REF | --- | REF | --- | ||
Residence | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.23 | ||
Outside | 1.27 | 1.05–1.54 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.04 | ||
Cannabis detected | ||||||
no | REF | --- | REF | --- | ||
yes | 0.85 | 0.69–1.03 | 1.27 | 1.08–1.49 | ||
Alcohol detected | ||||||
no | REF | --- | REF | --- | REF | --- |
yes | 0.53 | 0.48–0.59 | 1.39 | 1.26–1.53 | 1.20 | 1.10–1.32 |
Year of death | ||||||
1990 | REF | --- | REF | --- | REF | --- |
1991 | 1.25 | 0.96–1.62 | 0.80 | 0.62–1.04 | 0.99 | 0.78–1.25 |
1992 | 1.12 | 0.86–1.45 | 0.77 | 0.61–1.00 | 1.12 | 0.89–1.42 |
1993 | 0.80 | 0.62–1.03 | 0.81 | 0.64–1.03 | 1.39 | 1.12–1.73 |
1994 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.26 | 0.76 | 0.60–0.97 | 1.27 | 1.02–1.58 |
1995 | 0.74 | 0.58–0.96 | 1.00 | 0.79–1.27 | 1.23 | 0.99–1.53 |
1996 | 1.01 | 0.78–1.30 | 1.05 | 0.83–1.35 | 0.95 | 0.75–1.19 |
1997 | 0.90 | 0.69–1.17 | 1.34 | 1.05–1.71 | 0.82 | 0.65–1.04 |
1998 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.11 | 1.03 | 0.81–1.33 | 1.10 | 0.87–1.39 |
1999 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 | 1.21 | 0.94–1.57 | 0.94 | 0.73–1.20 |
2000 | 0.74 | 0.57–0.97 | 1.31 | 1.03–1.68 | 0.96 | 0.76–1.22 |