Cocaine- and opiate-related fatal overdose in New York City, 1990–2000

Bernstein, Kyle T; Bucciarelli, Angela; Piper, Tinka Markham; Gross, Charles; Tardiff, Ken; Galea, Sandro

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-31

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Bivariate associations of cocaine only, opiate only, and both cocaine and opiate overdose deaths among all accidental drug overdose decedents ages 15–64, New York City, 1990–2000*

From: Cocaine- and opiate-related fatal overdose in New York City, 1990–2000

	Total		Cocaine only overdose deaths			Opiate only overdose deaths			Opiate and cocaine overdose deaths
Characteristics	N	%	N	%	p-value	N	%	p-value	N	%	p-value
Total	8774	100.0	2392	27.3	---	2825	32.2	---	3557	40.5	---
Sex
Female	1807	20.6	630	34.9	<0.001	478	26.5	<0.001	699	38.7	0.071
Male	6967	79.4	1762	25.3		2347	33.7		2858	41.0
Race/ethnicity
White	2948	33.6	486	16.5	<0.001	1242	42.1	<0.001	1220	41.4	<0.001
Black	3234	36.9	1348	41.7		671	20.7		1215	37.6
Hispanic	2592	29.5	558	21.5		912	35.2		1122	43.3
Age
15–24	419	4.8	70	16.7	<0.001	170	40.6	<0.001	179	42.7	<0.001
25–34	2369	27.0	573	24.2		704	29.7		1092	46.1
35–44	3788	43.2	977	25.8		1242	32.8		1569	41.4
45–54	1834	20.9	602	32.8		609	33.2		623	34.0
55–64	364	4.1	170	46.7		100	27.5		94	25.8
Borough of death
Manhattan	2798	32.0	769	27.5	0.085	783	28.0	<0.001	1246	44.5	<0.001
Bronx	2110	24.1	579	27.4		641	30.4		890	42.2
Brooklyn	2391	27.3	684	28.6		850	35.5		857	35.8
Queens	1273	14.6	311	24.4		469	36.8		493	38.7
Staten Island	176	2.0	49	27.8		82	46.6		71	40.3
Cannabis detected
no	8076	92.0	2248	27.8	<0.001	2602	32.2	0.880	3226	39.9	<0.001
yes	698	8.0	144	20.6		223	31.9		331	47.4
Alcohol detected
no	5070	57.8	1663	32.8	<0.001	1460	28.8	<0.001	1947	38.4	<0.001
yes	3704	42.2	729	0.2		1365	36.9		1610	43.5
Place of OD episode
Other inside	1122	13.4	257	22.9	<0.001	363	32.4	0.002	502	44.7	0.015
Residence	6359	75.7	1697	26.7		2109	33.2		2553	40.1
Outside	918	10.9	291	31.7		250	27.2		377	41.1
Day of the week
Monday-Thursday	4647	53.0	1306	28.1	0.061	1484	31.9	0.586	1857	40.0	0.240
Friday-Sunday	4127	47.0	1086	26.3		1341	32.5		1700	41.2
Year of death
1990	506	5.8	148	29.2	<0.001	155	30.6	<0.001	203	40.1	<0.001
1991	708	8.1	247	34.9		184	26.0		277	39.1
1992	772	8.8	233	30.2		210	27.2		329	42.6
1993	1014	11.6	241	23.8		288	28.4		485	47.8
1994	994	11.3	283	28.5		266	26.8		445	44.8
1995	979	11.2	231	23.6		317	32.4		431	44.0
1996	852	9.7	250	29.3		290	34.0		312	36.6
1997	806	9.2	219	27.2		314	39.0		273	33.9
1998	737	8.4	193	26.2		251	34.1		293	39.8
1999	651	7.4	169	26.0		247	37.9		235	36.1
2000	755	8.6	178	23.6		303	40.1		274	36.3

*analysis restricted to decedents with opiates-only, cocaine only, and both opiates and cocaine detected

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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