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Table 2 Distribution of household level demographic and socio-economic characteristics (number and percentage in parentheses for the binary variables: 1–10, and average for the continuous variables: 11–18) in low and high risk areas for enteric fever

From: Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India

Variables

A

B

C

A vs. C

B vs. C

A vs. B

 

TRA* (n = 1581)

PRA† (n = 1487)

LRA‡ (n = 6951)

OR (P-value)

OR (P-value)

OR (P-value)

Demographics

Percent household members under 15 years (mean, %)

28%

24%

23%

5.32 (<.001)

1.12 (.09)

5.20 (<.001)

Percent illiterate household members (mean, %)

28%

25%

23%

3.00 (.001)

1.62 (.08)

1.31 (.22)

Illiterate household head

453 (29%)

399 (27%)

1675 (24%)

1.19 (.005)

1.14 (.05)

1.06 (.48)

Muslim households

1075 (68%)

528 (36%)

1861 (27%)

6.63 (<.001)

1.52 (<.001)

4.29 (<.001)

Socio-economic status

Renting accommodation

1217 (77%)

1049 (71%)

4531 (65%)

1.67 (<.001)

1.26 (<.001)

1.31 (.001)

Household owning refrigerator

238 (15%)

269 (18%)

1108 (16%)

0.98 (.86)

1.19 (.02)

0.83 (.06)

Household owning phone

157 (10%)

208 (14%)

1063 (15%)

0.66 (<.001)

0.92 (.31)

0.72 (.005)

Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene

Household using latrine for defecation

1362 (86%)

1453 (98%)

6573 (95%)

0.34 (<.001)

2.41 (<.001)

0.14 (<.001)

Always wash hands after defecation

871 (55%)

1105 (74%)

4851 (70%)

0.55 (<.001)

1.26 (<.001)

0.44 (<.001)

Using tap water for drinking

1457 (92%)

1445 (97%)

6901 (99%)

0.07 (<.001)

0.24 (<.001)

0.32 (<.001)

Drinking water neither boiled nor filtered

1464 (93%)

1364 (92%)

6384 (92%)

1.02 (.85)

0.96 (.70)

1.04 (.73)

Never/rarely consume food from street vendor

435 (28%)

898 (60%)

2765 (40%)

0.61 (<.001)

2.35 (<.001)

0.25 (<.001)

Location

Distance to water bodies from the household (meters)

131

119

156

-30.21 (<.001)

-38.76 (<.001)

11.34 (<.001)

Population within a 50 meter radius

3158

2629

2052

961.83 (<.001)

541.52 (<.001)

406.93 (<.001)

  1. *TRA = Typhoid high risk areas
  2. †PRA = Paratyphoid high risk areas
  3. ‡LRA = Low risk areas of typhoid and paratyphoid
  4. Age adjusted odds ratios with two-tailed p-values (given in parenthesis) were calculated for the cited binary variables (1–10) using logistic regression, and age adjusted parameter estimates with two-tailed p-values (given in parenthesis) were calculated for the cited continuous variables (11–18) using ordinary regression.
  5. A total of 589 households living in the high risk areas of both typhoid and paratyphoid were removed from the analysis.