Table 1 Definitions of health and socio-economic indicators used in the analysis

Infant mortality 1 (in the year of birth*)

Mortality per 1,000 among children <1 year in the year of birth of the study schoolchildren

Infant mortality 2 (in the survey year²)

Mortality per 1,000 among children aged <1 year in the year of the survey

Illiteracy rate*

Population illiteracy rate (percent) among individuals aged ≥25 years

Poverty*

Percent of the population living in poverty

Income*

Average income per capita in Brazilian currency ('reais'); unit: average for each study site

Water supply*

Percent of houses without water supply

HDI*

UN Human Development Index (HDI)

GINI*

GINI coefficient as a measure of income inequality (scale from 0 to 100)

Sanitation^†

Percent of houses with poor sanitation (good sanitation defined as regular connection with conventional sewerage system)

Mortality for external causes^†

Mortality for all external causes for whole population at survey year, per 10,000; number of deaths as reported for each year and population as extrapolation between censuses

Hospital beds^†

Number of hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants in the year survey