Table 2 Odds ratios for food consumption according to smoking status, adjusted for age and education.
From: Smoking, alcohol, and dietary choices: evidence from the Portuguese National Health Survey
Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | OR | 95% CI | p trend | n (%) | OR | 95% CI | p trend | |
Soup | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 7978 (65.3) | 1 | [reference] | 12106 (65.6) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 377 (60.1) | 0.92 | 0.77–1.10 | 230 (51.8) | 0.72 | 0.59–0.87 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 578 (53.0) | 0.70 | 0.62–0.80 | 269 (48.6) | 0.64 | 0.53–0.76 | ||
20 cig/day | 1195 (55.0) | 0.78 | 0.71–0.86 | 216 (44.6) | 0.53 | 0.44–0.64 | ||
>20 cig/day | 682 (48.9) | 0.60 | 0.54–0.68 | <0.001 | 62 (42.8) | 0.46 | 0.33–0.65 | <0.001 |
Vegetables | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 10164 (83.2) | 1 | [reference] | 15527 (84.0) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 501 (80.0) | 0.87 | 0.70–1.09 | 365 (82.0) | 0.80 | 0.62–1.03 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 862 (79.1) | 0.79 | 0.67–0.93 | 444 (80.6) | 0.71 | 0.57–0.89 | ||
20 cig/day | 1688 (77.6) | 0.71 | 0.63–0.80 | 372 (77.0) | 0.57 | 0.46–0.71 | ||
>20 cig/day | 1043 (74.2) | 0.56 | 0.49–0.64 | <0.001 | 109 (75.2) | 0.47 | 0.32–0.69 | <0.001 |
Fruit | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 10929 (89.4) | 1 | [reference] | 16898 (91.4) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 556 (88.4) | 0.99 | 0.75–1.31 | 394 (88.5) | 0.60 | 0.44–0.81 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 893 (82.1) | 0.52 | 0.43–0.61 | 492 (88.6) | 0.60 | 0.45–0.79 | ||
20 cig/day | 1785 (82.1) | 0.53 | 0.46–0.61 | 386 (79.4) | 0.30 | 0.23–0.38 | ||
>20 cig/day | 1066 (75.7) | 0.36 | 0.31–0.41 | <0.001 | 117 (80.1) | 0.29 | 0.19–0.44 | <0.001 |
Bread | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 11831 (96.6) | 1 | [reference] | 17578 (95.0) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 607 (96.2) | 0.83 | 0.54–1.27 | 401 (90.1) | 0.61 | 0.44–0.84 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 1047 (96.1) | 0.83 | 0.60–1.15 | 489 (88.1) | 0.50 | 0.38–0.66 | ||
20 cig/day | 2089 (95.6) | 0.74 | 0.58–0.95 | 424 (87.1) | 0.44 | 0.34–0.59 | ||
>20 cig/day | 1359 (96.2) | 0.94 | 0.69–1.28 | 0.164 | 123 (84.2) | 0.38 | 0.24–0.60 | <0.001 |
Other starchy | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 11509 (94.1) | 1 | [reference] | 17040 (92.2) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 595 (94.4) | 1.04 | 0.70–1.57 | 413 (92.8) | 0.79 | 0.55–1.15 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 1035 (95.1) | 1.02 | 0.75–1.40 | 509 (92.0) | 0.72 | 0.52–1.00 | ||
20 cig/day | 2073 (95.1) | 1.00 | 0.79–1.26 | 441 (91.1) | 0.63 | 0.46–0.88 | ||
>20 cig/day | 1322 (93.8) | 0.80 | 0.62–1.02 | 0.147 | 127 (87.6) | 0.52 | 0.31–0.87 | <0.001 |
Fish | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 6699 (55.1) | 1 | [reference] | 10012 (54.3) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 330 (52.9) | 0.98 | 0.82–1.16 | 210 (47.4) | 0.76 | 0.62–0.92 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 530 (48.8) | 0.84 | 0.73–0.95 | 288 (52.5) | 0.92 | 0.78–1.10 | ||
20 cig/day | 1121 (51.9) | 0.94 | 0.85–1.04 | 218 (45.1) | 0.69 | 0.57–0.83 | ||
>20 cig/day | 728 (51.9) | 0.91 | 0.81–1.03 | 0.030 | 69 (47.9) | 0.74 | 0.53–1.03 | <0.001 |
Meat | ||||||||
Non-smokers | 9672 (79.4) | 1 | [reference] | 13890 (75.2) | 1 | [reference] | ||
1–9 cig/day | 523 (83.7) | 1.04 | 0.81–1.32 | 376 (84.7) | 1.03 | 0.79–1.35 | ||
10–19 cig/day | 924 (84.9) | 1.06 | 0.88–1.28 | 473 (85.5) | 1.08 | 0.84–1.39 | ||
20 cig/day | 1853 (85.2) | 0.98 | 0.85–1.12 | 415 (85.9) | 1.11 | 0.85–1.44 | ||
>20 cig/day | 1162 (82.9) | 0.83 | 0.71–0.97 | 0.055 | 117 (80.7) | 0.87 | 0.57–1.34 | 0.769 |