Table 3 Statistical association of dual eligibility and health care utilization

Demographics

Age

0.997 (0.001)***

0.997 (0.003)

1.003 (0.003)

0.991 (0.002)***

Male

0.993 (0.022)

1.380 (0.110)***

1.097 (0.105)

0.867 (0.044)***

Married

1.063 (0.023)**

0.768 (0.062)***

0.616 (0.066)***

1.178 (0.060)***

Less than High School

0.891 (0.020)***

0.979 (0.076)

0.969 (0.094)

0.778 (0.054)***

Rural

0.970 (0.023)

0.984 (0.077)

1.439 (0.133)***

0.759 (0.043)***

Region

Northeast

1.083 (0.031)***

0.961 (0.100)

1.242 (0.150)*

1.357 (0.088)***

Midwest

0.962 (0.027)

0.974 (0.091)

0.807 (0.094)*

1.149 (0.074)**

West

0.901 (0.025)***

0.715 (0.070)***

0.799 (0.100)*

1.162 (0.075)**

Medical condition

Poor Health

1.168 (0.026)***

1.292 (0.093)***

1.424 (0.125)***

0.757 (0.042)***

Co-morbidities

1.140 (0.003)***

1.060 (0.009)***

1.037 (0.010)***

1.081 (0.007)***

Chronic Disease

1.147 (0.023)***

1.120 (0.079)

0.850 (0.070)**

0.909 (0.043)**

Socioeconomic status

Poverty

1.004 (0.025)

0.897 (0.074)

1.020 (0.092)

0.894 (0.075)

Still Work

0.908 (0.032)***

0.562 (0.079)***

1.602 (0.403)*

0.833 (0.062)**

Race & dual eligibility

Asian

0.886 (0.087)

0.899 (0.458)

0.044 (0.034)***

0.510 (0.117)***

Hispanic

0.997 (0.036)

1.009 (0.132)

1.790 (0.313)***

1.082 (0.107)

Afro-American

0.959 (0.033)

1.063 (0.130)

2.216 (0.346)***

0.622 (0.072)***

Dual Eligibility

1.016 (0.037)

1.003 (0.112)

1.958 (0.234)***

0.708 (0.085)***

Dual*Asian

1.235 (0.184)

0.334 (0.238)

16.879 (15.54)***

1.621 (0.564)*

Dual*Hispanic

1.106 (0.067)*

1.193 (0.237)

0.943 (0.216)

1.253 (0.211)

Dual*Afro-American

1.170 (0.072)***

1.132 (0.226)

0.643 (0.132)**

1.926 (0.329)***

Log likelihood

-22573.77

-8603.889

-7757.978

-8696.873

Constant

-4.012 (0.912)***

1.480 (0.138)***

3.071 (0.201)***

-3.211 (0.840)***

Cancer

-22.16 (16771.5)

-0.500 (0.088)***

-0.418 (0.088)***

-0.235 (0.134)*

Diabetes

-20.73 (7065.7)

-0.518 (0.075)***

-0.456 (0.078)***

0.485 (0.102)***

Hypertension

-11.54 (54.42)

-0.158 (0.063)***

-0.029 (0.072)

0.043 (0.092)

Stroke

-1.228 (0.942)

-1.226 (0.129)***

-1.037 (0.115)***

0.404 (0.165)**

Depression

-1.314 (0.590)**

-0.269 (0.072)***

-0.352 (0.074)***

-0.136 (0.100)

Less than High School

0.769 (0.235)***

-0.094 (0.072)

-0.133 (0.081)*

1.084 (0.138)***

Poverty

-0.260 (0.266)

-0.314 (0.096)***

-0.167 (0.101)*

0.037 (0.146)

Still Work

0.404 (0.321)

0.084 (0.126)

0.943 (0.191)***

-0.742 (0.314)**

Asian

0.144 (0.945)

1.007 (0.340)***

1.130 (0.364)***

-0.391 (0.503)

Hispanic

0.130 (0.318)

0.152 (0.096)

0.274 (0.106)***

0.160 (0.148)

Afro-American

0.917 (0.255)***

0.321 (0.093)***

-0.026 (0.096)

0.030 (0.207)

Dual eligibility

-1.487 (0.761)*

-0.285 (0.082)***

-1.066 (0.082)***

0.241 (0.145)*

Income0

1.298 (0.987)

0.300 (0.189)

0.325 (0.272)

2.725 (0.813)***

Income1

1.614 (0.924)*

0.159 (0.146)

-0.511 (0.214)**

2.420 (0.795)***

Income2

1.194 (0.910)

-0.035 (0.136)

-0.620 (0.206)***

2.280 (0.790)***

Incoem3

0.861 (0.949)

0.211 (0.150)

-0.300 (0.225)

1.724 (0.780)**

LR Chi² (20)

2,766.11

136.25

199.10

333.40

Prob> Chi² (20)

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Number of obs.

8,260

8,255

8,185

8,260

Nonzero obs.

7,094

1,501

942

2,395

Zero obs.

1,166

6,754

7,243

5,865

alpha

0.572 (0.014)

1.906 (0.170)

1.522 (0.090)

1.377 (0.119)

Likelihood-ratio (LR) test of alpha = 0:

Chibar²(01) = 1.7e+04 Prob>=Chibar² = 0.000

Chibar²(01) = 1.3e+04; Prob>=Chibar² = 0.000

Chibar²(01) = 8.3e+04; Prob>=Chibar² = 0.000

Chibar²(01) = 1457.18; Prob>=Chibar² = 0.000

Vuong test of ZINB vs. standard NB:

Z = 5.40; Prob>z = 0.000

Z = 7.76; Prob>z = 0.000

Z = 7.95; Prob>z = 0.000

Z = 8.21; Prob>z = 0.000