Table 6 health and social outcomes (validated measurement instruments), studies with a control or comparison group (studies included in the review)
Authors (date) | Outcome measure | Nature of control/comparison group | Random allocation? | Control group N at baseline | Intervention group N at baseline | Control group mean score at baseline | Intervention group mean score at baseline | Follow up period | Control N at follow up | Intervention N at follow up | Control group mean score at follow up | Intervention group man score at follow up | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbott & Hobby (1999)[79] | SF36 physical functioning (change in score) | Those whose income didn't increase following advice allocated to comparison group | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 0 | 2.4 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | SF36 role functioning physical (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -2.5 | 2.1 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | SF36 bodily pain (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 1 | -0.5 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | SF36 general health (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 2.5 | 3.3 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | SF36 vitality (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -7 | 7.7 | p = 0.001 |
| Â | SF36 social functioning (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -1.3 | 2.9 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | SF36 role functioning emotional (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | 8.3 | 14.6 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | SF36 mental health (change in score) | Â | No | 20 | 48 | NR | NR | 6 months | 20 | 48 | -4.8 | 7.2 | p = 0.019 |
Abbott & Hobby (2002)[34] | SF36 physical functioning | Those whose income didn't increase following advice allocated to comparison group | No | 50 | 150 | 34 | 29.5 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 34.2 | 30.6 | p = 0.65 |
| Â | SF36 physical functioning | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 34 | 29.5 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 37.7 | 28.9 | p = 0.17 |
| Â | SF36 role functioning physical | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 15.5 | 18.9 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 24.5 | 28.1 | p = 0.5 |
| Â | SF36 role functioning physical | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 15.5 | 18.9 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 27 | 26 | p = 0.74 |
| Â | SF36 bodily pain | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 29.2 | 34.8 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 30 | 43.1 | p = 0.013 |
| Â | SF36 bodily pain | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 29.2 | 34.8 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 36.4 | 39.4 | p = 0.71 |
| Â | SF36 general health | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 35.6 | 31.7 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 34 | 32.3 | p = 0.59 |
| Â | SF36 general health | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 35.6 | 31.7 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 32.3 | 32.1 | p = 0.35 |
| Â | SF36 vitality | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 33.2 | 28.7 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 28.4 | 32.3 | p = 0.13 |
| Â | SF36 vitality | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 33.2 | 28.7 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 29.2 | 28.4 | p = 0.26 |
| Â | SF36 social functioning | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 45.8 | 42.3 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 52.5 | 50.2 | p = 0.58 |
| Â | SF36 social functioning | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 45.8 | 42.3 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 54.6 | 49.2 | p = 0.58 |
| Â | SF36 role functioning emotional | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 48.7 | 40.8 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 36.7 | 51.7 | p = 0.17 |
| Â | SF36 role functioning emotional | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 48.7 | 40.8 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 42.7 | 52.2 | p = 0.02 |
| Â | SF36 mental health | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 57.1 | 53 | 6 months | 50 | 150 | 56 | 55.9 | p = 0.84 |
| Â | SF36 mental health | Â | No | 50 | 150 | 57.1 | 53 | 12 months | 50 | 150 | 56 | 58.3 | p = 0.03 |
Emanuel & Begum (2000)[90] | HADS anxiety | Those whose income didn't increase following advice allocated to comparison group | No | 28 | 12 | 12.03 | 12 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 11.14 | 12.58 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | HADS depression | Â | No | 28 | 12 | 8.21 | 9.75 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 7.86 | 9.33 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | MYMOP symptom 1 | Â | No | 28 | 12 | 4.48 | 4.64 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.86 | 4.36 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | MYMOP symptom 2 | Â | No | 28 | 12 | 3.59 | 4.67 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 2.41 | 5.33 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | MYMOP activity | Â | No | 28 | 12 | 4.17 | 5.7 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.83 | 5 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | MYMOP wellbeing | Â | No | 28 | 12 | 3.86 | 4.55 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.14 | 4.65 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | MYMOP profile | Â | No | 28 | 12 | 4.53 | 4.28 | 9 months | 28 | 13 | 3.44 | 4.79 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | GP consultations in last 9 months | Control identified as next in individual on practice register matched for age and sex. | No | 39 | 39 | 70 | 187 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 111 | 165 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | prescriptions in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 122 | 239 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 146 | 278 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | referrals to secondary care in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 3 | 21 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 5 | 18 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Visits to A&E in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 0 | 1 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 2 | 0 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | practice nurse contacts in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 13 | 12 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 6 | 11 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | home visits in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 5 | 3 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 1 | 3 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | out of hours calls in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 2 | 3 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 3 | 5 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | social service referrals in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 0 | 0 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | cervical cancer screening in last 9 months | Â | No | 39 | 39 | 1 | 1 | 9 months | 39 | 39 | 5 | 7 | p > 0.05 |
Reading et al (2002)[72] | Edinburgh postnatal depression scale | Six practices recruited – three allocated to intervention group, three to control group. | Yes | 173 | 88 | 7.7 | 9.7 | NR | 153 | 66 | 7.1 | 8.1 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Prevalence of maternal smoking | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | 25 | 34 | NR | 153 | 66 | 20 | 36 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Maternal non-routine GP visits per year | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 3.1 | 3.5 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Maternal prescriptions | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 2.4 | 2.1 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child general health "very good" | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 51 | 44 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child more than 2 minor illnesses in last 3 months | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 18 | 22 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child accident requiring attention in last year | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 10 | 6 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child behaviour problems | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 5 | 10 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child sleeping problems | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | 12 | 13 | NR | 153 | 66 | 12 | 14 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child currently breast fed or stopped aged >4 months | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | 31 | 31 | NR | 153 | 66 | 23 | 17 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child non-routine GP visits per year | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 4.2 | 4.2 | p > 0.05 |
| Â | Child prescriptions | Â | Yes | 173 | 88 | NR | NR | NR | 153 | 66 | 2.4 | 2 | p > 0.05 |
Veitch (1995) GP[21] | NHP total score | Those identified by control practices who would have been referred had service been available. | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
| Â | NHP energy | Â | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
| Â | NHP pain | Â | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
| Â | NHP emotional reaction | Â | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
| Â | NHP sleep | Â | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
| Â | NHP social isolation | Â | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p > 0.05 |
| Â | NHP physical mobility | Â | No | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | NR | 5 | 5 | NR | NR | p = 0.09 |
Veitch (1995) mental health[21] | NHP total score | Those identified by control mental health centres who would have been referred had service been available. | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.4588 |
| Â | NHP energy | Â | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.2312 |
| Â | NHP pain | Â | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.0700 |
| Â | NHP emotional reaction | Â | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.0466 |
| Â | NHP sleep | Â | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.3095 |
| Â | NHP social isolation | Â | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.4872 |
| Â | NHP physical mobility | Â | No | 12 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 12 | 18 | NR | NR | p = 0.1312 |
Dow & Boaz (1994)[23] | applied for award | Random allocation to intervention/control group | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 6 months | 311 | 303 | 20 | 63 | p < 0.001 |
| Â | applied for award | Â | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 8 months | 311 | 303 | 26 | 67 | p < 0.05 |
| Â | applied for award | Â | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 11 months | 311 | 303 | 26 | 67 | p < 0.05 |
| Â | received award | Â | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 6 months | 311 | 303 | 8 | 17 | p < 0.05 |
| Â | received award | Â | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 8 months | 311 | 303 | 12 | 22 | p < 0.05 |
| Â | received award | Â | Yes | 389 | 387 | 0 | 0 | 11 months | 311 | 303 | 13 | 23 | p < 0.051 |