Table 3 Relative risks for smokers compared with never smokers by determinants

Demographic factors (N = 387)

Age

   18–23 y

50

-

-

   24–28 y

57

0.94 (0.75, 1.18)

1.01 (0.81, 1.26)

Sex

   Women

47*

-

-

   Men

58

1.28 (1.06, 1.55)*

1.15 (0.94, 1.40)

Living with partner

   No

47**

-

-

   Yes

65

1.35 (1.07, 1.71)*

1.23 (1.01, 1.52)*

Living with children

   No

49*

-^a

-

   Yes

68

1.19 (0.91, 1.55)

1.11 (0.87, 1.42)

Socioeconomic factors (N = 387)

Education

   High

35**

-

-

   Middle

49

1.35 (0.98, 1.84)†

1.30 (0.95, 1.78)†

   Low

70

1.81 (1.33, 2.47)**

1.59 (1.15, 2.19)*

Unemployment

   No spells

47*

-

-

   1 spell

62

1.15 (0.93, 1.42)

1.03 (0.83, 1.27)

   ≥ 2 spells

80

1.39 (1.09, 1.78)*

1.23 (0.90, 1.67)

Emotional and behavioral problems (N = 387)

Alcohol use

   No

45**

-

-

   Yes

77

1.68 (1.42, 2.00)**

1.46 (1.20, 1.79)**

Externalizing problems

   No

49*

-

-

   Yes

65

1.04 (0.83, 1.31)

1.15 (0.91, 1.45)

Internalizing problems

   No

50*

-

-

   Yes

66

1.24 (1.00, 1.55)*

0.89 (0.70, 1.14)

Psychosocial factors (N = 387)

Feel bored

   Sometimes/never

48**

-

-

   Often

70

1.31 (1.09, 1.59)*

1.19 (0.98, 1.44)†

Life events

   0

45**

-

-^b

   1–2

54

1.16 (0.93, 1.45)

1.10 (0.87, 1.39)

   ≥ 3

68

1.38 (1.05, 1.81)**

1.25 (0.93, 1.70)

Locus of control

   Internal

44**

-

-

   Neutral

48

0.88 (0.64, 1.21)

0.89 (0.66, 1.20)

   External

71

1.16 (0.82, 1.64)

1.11 (0.78, 1.57)

Self-esteem

   High

40**

-^a

-^a

   Medium

52

1.28 (0.93, 1.76)

1.11 (0.82, 1.50)

   Low

67

1.43 (0.99, 2.05)†

1.23 (0.86, 1.76)

Cultural factors (N = 379)

Discrimination

   Sometimes/never

52

-

-

   Often

56

1.05 (0.81, 1.36)

0.93 (0.71, 1.22)

Dutch friends

   No

57

-

-

   Yes

52

0.88 (0.69, 1.12)

1.00 (0.78, 1.27)

Dutch identity

   No

51

-

-

   Yes

57

1.12 (0.88, 1.41)

1.21 (0.96, 1.52)

Turkish identity

   No

55

-

-

   Yes

52

1.04 (0.79, 1.36)

1.14 (0.88, 1.48)

Muslim identity

   No

62*

-

-

   Yes

48

0.76 (0.63, 0.92)*

0.83 (0.68, 1.01)†

Generation

   Second

54

-

-

   First

46

0.87 (0.68, 1.12)

0.84 (0.65, 1.08)