|
Sex
|
Age group (years)
|
Age-specific Prevalence, % (total number of respondents, n)
|
|---|
| | |
Rural
|
Urban
|
|---|
| | |
1995
|
1999
|
2003
|
χ2 for trend (P value)
|
Age-adjusted ORψ for 2003 (Ref., 1995)
|
1995
|
1999
|
2003
|
χ2 for trend (P value)
|
Age-adjusted ORψ for 2003 (Ref., 1995)
|
|---|
|
Males
|
15–19
|
5.5 (73)
|
5.4(129)
|
2.1(146)
|
0.161
| |
4.5(266)
|
6.3(224)
|
2.2(314)
|
0.144
| |
| |
20–24
|
5.8(103)
|
9.4(139)
|
4.3(163)
|
0.468
| |
10.7(168)
|
8.6(208)
|
4.2(309)
|
0.006
| |
| |
25–29
|
20.9(67)
|
13.2(114)
|
12.2(147)
|
0.127
| |
33.3(114)
|
22.0(109)
|
13.1(160)
|
0.001**
| |
| |
30–39
|
31.9(91)
|
23.1(169)
|
20.8(235)
|
0.048
| |
40.0(150)
|
39.2(120)
|
35.4(181)
|
0.378
| |
| |
40–49
|
12.3(65)
|
12.9(101)
|
22.9(131)
|
0.036
| |
41.5(106)
|
40.2(82)
|
33.3(78)
|
0.276
| |
| |
50–59
|
14.6(48)
|
9.3(92)
|
17.9(89)
|
0.416
| |
26.5(34)
|
13.5(37)
|
25.8(66)
|
0.847
| |
| |
15–24
| | | | | | | | | | |
| |
Crude
|
5.7(176)
|
7.5(268)
|
3.2(309)
|
0.143
|
0.56(0.25–1.26)
|
6.9(434)
|
7.4(432)
|
3.2(623)
|
0.005
|
0.40(0.25–0.66)
|
| |
Adjusted†
|
5.6
|
7.2
|
3.1
|
0.141
| |
7.5
|
7.4
|
3.2
|
0.001
| |
| |
F:M ratio
|
2.8
|
1.46
|
2.06
| | |
3.12
|
2.47
|
3.87
| | |
| |
Urban:Rural ratio
|
1.34
|
1.03
|
1.03
| | |
-----
|
-----
|
-----
| | |
| |
15–49
| | | | | | | | | | |
| |
Crude
|
15.3(399)
|
13.3(652)
|
13.0(822)
|
0.314
|
0.80(0.55–1.18)
|
21.4(804)
|
18.3(743)
|
12.6(1042)
|
0.000**
|
0.58(0.38–0.87)
|
| |
Adjusted†
|
15.4
|
12.8
|
11.6
|
0.072
| |
24.8
|
18.3
|
16.9
|
0.000
| |
| |
F:M ratio
|
1.12
|
1.10
|
1.15
| | |
1.23
|
1.49
|
1.35
| | |
| |
Urban:Rural ratio
|
1.61
|
1.43
|
1.46
| | |
-----
|
-----
|
-----
| | |
|
Females
|
15–19
|
8.2(122)
|
5.9(217)
|
3.1(223)
|
0.039
| |
12.3(391)
|
9.5(336)
|
7.7(431)
|
0.026
| |
| |
20–24
|
24.6(114)
|
15.9(163)
|
10.3(233)
|
0.001
| |
35.4(311)
|
27.9(305)
|
17.6(409)
|
0.000**
| |
| |
25–29
|
17.7(79)
|
20.6(160)
|
18.2(187)
|
0.929
| |
48.7(199)
|
41.2(221)
|
31.1(286)
|
0.000**
| |
| |
30–39
|
19.8(111)
|
18.4(233)
|
23.8%(256)
|
0.249
| |
34.5(310)
|
39.3(244)
|
39.6(273)
|
0.202
| |
| |
40–49
|
17.8(73)
|
11.7(120)
|
14.7(156)
|
0.140
| |
26.0(100)
|
22.3(112)
|
22.9(148)
|
0.614
| |
| |
50–59
|
15.4(52)
|
6.9(110)
|
5.3(94)
|
0.043
| |
0(11)
|
25.0(12)
|
13.9(36)
|
0.444
| |
| |
15–24
| | | | | | | | | | |
| |
Crude
|
16.1(236)
|
10.3(380)
|
6.8(456)
|
0.000**
|
0.36(0.19–0.67)
|
22.5(702)
|
18.3(641)
|
12.5(840)
|
0.000**
|
0.43(0.33–0.57)
|
| |
Adjusted†
|
15.7
|
10.5
|
6.4
|
0.000**
| |
23.4
|
18.3
|
12.4
|
0.000**
| |
| |
Urban:Rural ratio
|
1.49
|
1.74
|
1.94
| | |
------
|
------
|
------
| | |
| |
15–49
| | | | | | | | | | |
| |
Crude
|
17.4(499)
|
14.4(893)
|
14.1(1055)
|
0.118
|
0.76(0.47–1.23)
|
29.6(1311)
|
27.0(1218)
|
21.7(1547)
|
0.000**
|
0.68(0.57–0.81)
|
| |
Adjusted†
|
17.3
|
14.1
|
13.4
|
0.056
| |
30.6
|
27.3
|
22.8
|
0.000**
| |
| |
Urban:Rural ratio
|
1.78
|
1.94
|
1.70
| | | | | | | |
- Notes 1. † Denotes standardised prevalence using the Zambia National Census for the year 2000 as reference population 2. ORψ stands for Odds ratio given with 95%Confidence Interval and adjusted with age as a continuous variable and confidence interval adjusted for clustering effect using Intercooled Stata version 8 with the Standard Enumeration Area (SEA) as clusters. Statistically significant OR, highlighted in bold 3. Chi square for linear trend, Extended Mantel-Haenszel (1 degree of freedom) with continuity correction was used: a) Statistically significant trends are highlighted in bold b) ** denotes P < 0.001 4. Sample sizes were n = 3158 in 1995, 3731 in 1999 & 4751 in 2003 (age group 15–59 years).
