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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population by SES and age group

From: Explanations of socioeconomic differences in changes in physical function in older adults: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

 

< 70 years n = 1262

≥70 years n = 1104

Baseline characteristics

Education

Income

Education

Income

 

high

n = 401

medium

n = 419

Low

n = 442

p

high

n = 553

medium

n = 445

low

n = 248

p

high

n = 261

medium

n = 311

low

n = 532

p

high

n = 248

medium

n = 339

low

n = 481

p

Women, %

34.4

54.7

69.9

<0.01

41.0

55.7

75.8

<0.01

40.6

42.4

65.6

<0.01

39.1

41.9

68.2

<0.01

Age, mean (SD)

62.1

(4.2)

62.4

(4.3)

63.2

(4.2)

<0.01

61.5

(4.0)

62.9

(4.2)

64.4

(4.2)

<0.01

77.4

(4.3)

76.7

(4.2)

78.0

(4.3)

<0.01

77.4

(4.2)

76.9

(4.3)

77.7

(4.3)

0.03

Physical function

                

Baseline score (0–24), mean (SD)

23.4

(2.1)

23.1

(2.4)

22.4

(3.4)

<0.01

23.4

(1.8)

22.9

(2.7)

21.8

(4.0)

<0.01

21.3

(4.2)

20.8

(4.7)

19.1

(5.6)

<0.01

20.9

(4.3)

21.2

(4.3)

19.1

(5.8)

<0.01

Diseases

                

Cardiac disease, %

13.5

15.3

12.2

0.42

13.4

14.0

14.1

0.95

23.1

25.2

23.8

0.83

24.3

24.9

23.9

0.95

Peripheral atherosclerosis, %

5.0

4.8

9.7

<0.01

3.1

9.2

10.1

<0.01

11.5

12.3

10.1

0.60

8.9

10.7

12.2

0.41

Stroke, %

1.0

2.6

2.5

0.19

1.3

2.0

4.0

0.04

5.8

6.8

6.8

0.84

5.7

6.5

6.7

0.86

Diabetes mellitus, %

3.5

3.8

4.8

0.63

3.4

5.4

3.2

0.22

5.8

6.8

8.6

0.33

6.5

6.2

8.4

0.44

Lung disease, %

7.5

7.2

10.6

0.13

7.2

9.2

10.5

0.27

13.1

13.2

12.5

0.95

14.6

11.9

12.8

0.63

Cancer, %

5.0

7.0

8.1

0.19

6.3

6.3

8.9

0.36

6.7

11.3

11.6

0.11

8.1

10.7

11.3

0.39

Arthritis, %

26.3

29.9

35.7

0.01

25.0

34.0

38.7

<0.01

33.8

31.3

40.3

0.02

34.4

32.6

40.0

0.07

Behavioral factors

                

Smoking, %

                

   non-smoker

15.5

26.5

32.4

<0.01

19.2

26.1

35.1

<0.01

23.4

26.7

39.3

<0.01

22.2

25.4

42.2

<0.01

   former

49.9

41.5

33.3

 

46.5

40.2

32.3

 

45.2

45.0

28.9

 

50.0

42.5

28.5

 

   smoker

28.4

23.2

25.3

 

28.2

24.9

21.4

 

18.8

19.0

15.4

 

15.3

20.4

16.0

 

   missing

6.2

8.8

9.0

 

6.1

8.8

11.3

 

12.6

9.3

16.4

 

12.5

11.8

13.3

 

Dinking, %

                

   non-drinker

9.0

13.4

23.1

<0.01

11.2

17.5

21.0

<0.01

15.3

19.0

26.1

<0.01

27.9

17.7

14.9

<0.01

   moderate

77.1

73.0

64.3

 

75.6

68.3

66.1

 

67.8

67.5

55.8

 

56.5

67.8

67.7

 

   excessive

7.7

4.5

3.4

 

6.7

5.4

1.6

 

3.4

3.5

1.3

 

1.9

2.4

3.6

 

   missing

6.2

9.1

9.3

 

6.5

8.8

11.3

 

13.4

10.0

16.7

 

13.7

12.1

13.7

 

Physical activity, %

                

   6–7

29.9

28.6

20.1

<0.01

28.9

23.4

25.0

<0.01

11.5

11.9

9.2

<0.01

10.9

10.3

11.0

0.83

   4–5

45.6

44.9

44.1

 

46.5

47.6

37.1

 

33.3

41.2

39.8

 

37.5

41.9

39.3

 

   0–3

22.2

19.6

29.6

 

21.9

22.0

31.5

 

48.3

42.1

39.7

 

46.0

42.5

42.4

 

   missing

2.2

6.9

6.1

 

2.7

7.0

6.5

 

6.9

4.8

11.3

 

5.6

5.3

7.3

 

BMI, %

                

   <25

38.2

31.7

23.1

<0.01

35.6

27.6

26.2

<0.01

41.4

29.6

21.2

<0.01

34.3

31.0

23.3

<0.01

   25-<30

42.9

44.4

47.3

 

47.4

43.8

40.7

 

33.3

44.7

34.8

 

33.1

42.5

37.4

 

   ≥30

10.7

14.1

18.6

 

8.9

18.0

21.0

 

10.0

14.8

24.2

 

16.9

12.4

23.5

 

   missing

8.2

9.8

11.1

 

8.1

10.6

12.1

 

15.3

10.9

19.7

 

15.7

14.2

15.8

 

Psychosocial factors

                

With partner, %

84.0

81.1

75.3

<0.01

86.8

82.2

60.5

<0.01

62.1

65.3

45.1

<0.01

62.1

65.5

45.3

<0.01

Network size (0–75), mean (SD)

16.4

(9.3)

15.3

(8.3)

14.2

(7.9)

<0.01

16.3

(9.1)

14.8

(7.8)

13.9

(8.4)

<0.01

14.3

(8.0)

15.5

(8.2)

12.2

(6.8)

<0.01

14.6

(8.2)

13.4

(7.8)

12.0

(7.1)

<0.01

Instrumental support (0–36), mean (SD)

14.8

(6.5)

14.4

(6.1)

14.1

(6.7)

0.36

14.4

(6.1)

14.3

(6.6)

14.9

(7.0)

0.49

14.0

(6.8)

13.9

(6.8)

14.4

(6.8)

0.44

13.9

(6.6)

13.9

(6.4)

14.5

(7.4)

0.33

Emotional support (0–36), mean (SD)

23.4

(7.3)

22.9

(7.2)

22.2

(7.9)

0.07

23.1

(7.3)

22.7

(7.6)

22.4

(7.4)

0.48

22.5

(8.0)

21.0

(8.1)

19.9

(7.8)

<0.01

22.0

(8.0)

21.0

(7.8)

20.1

(8.4)

0.02

Mastery (5–25), mean (SD)

18.1

(3.2)

17.9

(3.1)

17.5

(3.4)

0.03

18.2

(3.1)

17.8

(3.2)

17.2

(3.3)

<0.01

17.0

(3.1)

17.2

(3.2)

16.7

(3.2)

0.08

16.9

(3.1)

16.9

(3.3)

16.9

(3.1)

0.99

Self-efficacy (12–60), mean (SD)

44.0

(5.1)

42.9

(4.8)

41.3

(5.5)

<0.01

43.4

(5.2)

42.5

(5.2)

41.4

(5.4)

<0.01

42.4

(5.3)

41.5

(5.0)

40.6

(4.8)

<0.01

42.1

(5.0)

41.4

(5.0)

40.8

(5.1)

<0.01