The use of insulin declines as patients live farther from their source of care: results of a survey of adults with type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Social, geographic, and clinical correlates of insulin use (multivariate model with a continuous distance measure)

Characteristic	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P
Driving distance (km)	0.97	0.95, 0.99	0.013
Age (years)	1.02	0.99, 1.05	0.16
Male	0.69	0.43, 1.10	0.12
Race – White, non-Hispanic	0.97	0.31, 3.02	0.95
Married or living as married	1.44	0.85, 2.45	0.18
High School Graduate	1.23	0.65, 2.33	0.52
Low income	1.32	0.72, 2.45	0.37
Health Insurance
Private	1.42	0.73, 2.75	0.30
Medicare	0.98	0.52, 1.84	0.95
Medicaid	1.19	0.62, 2.30	0.61
Military or Veterans'	1.13	0.46, 2.78	0.79
None	0.73	0.14, 3.87	0.71
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)	1.06	1.02, 1.09	0.003
Duration of diabetes (years)	1.08	1.05, 1.10	<0.001
Glycosolated hemoglobin A1C (%)	1.54	1.32, 1.81	<0.001
Oral hypoglycemic agent use	0.36	0.22, 0.57	<0.001
Endocrinology visit in the last year	4.78	2.75, 8.31	<0.001
Primary care visits in the last month	1.06	0.99, 1.14	0.11

ISSN: 1471-2458