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Table 2 Univariable GEE results, region, age, gender, Epworth scores and bedtime habits.

From: "Sleepiness" is serious in adolescence: Two surveys of 3235 Canadian students

ESS Score Parameter

Odds Ratio (OR)

95% Confidence Interval

p value

Region

0.9625

0.6192

1.4962

0.8652

Age (years)*

1.0820

0.9435

1.2409

0.2594

Gender

1.3844

1.1560

1.6578

0.0004

Weeknight sleep hours**

0.5911

0.4951

0.7057

<0.0001

Consistent bedtime routine

0.3965

0.3332

0.4719

<0.0001

Up late to study

1.6393

1.2921

2.0797

<0.0001

Caffeine after 6 P.M.

1.3263

1.2537

1.4031

<0.0001

Smoke before bed

1.2295

0.9677

1.5621

0.0909

Eat before bed

1.0847

0.9976

1.1794

0.0569

  1. * OR calculated based on one year of age
  2. ** OR calculated based on one hour of weeknight sleep