Table 3 Regression estimates from the pooled cross-sectional time series analysis of all-cause potential years of life lost per 100,000 population
Variables | Model 1 Estimate (S.E.) | Model 2 Estimate (S.E.) | Model 3 Estimate (S.E.) | Model 4 Estimate (S.E.) | Model 5 Estimate (S.E.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 7,611.05*** (489.65) | 9,020.45*** (831.22) | 13,168.22*** (1,221.73) | 13,906*** (869.99) | 13,458.57*** (890.95) |
Tobacco | 0.27** (0.10) | 0.25* (0.10) | 0.14* (0.07) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.12 (0.07) P = 0.09 |
Alcohol | 122.74*** (17.18) | 120.99*** (17.65) | 87.09*** (17.94) | 104.86*** (13.51) | 110.26*** (13.59) |
Fat consumption | Â | 67.99*** (17.19) | 142.39*** (15.96) | 102.44*** (15.20) | 91.90*** (15.05) |
Fruit/vegetable consumption | Â | -0.61 (0.85) | -3.08** (1.07) | -1.09 (0.85) | -0.21 (0.84) |
Protein consumption | Â | -14.97* (6.46) | -31.04*** (7.02) | -22.59*** (6.62) | -19.01** (6.38) |
Air Pollution | Â | Â | 2.92 (1.8) | 7.31*** (2.16) | 7.57** (2.30) |
Collective health expenditure | Â | Â | -1,268.53*** (261.88) | -1,180.31*** (162.92) | -1,002.32*** (169.98) |
Healthcare coverage | Â | Â | -36.32*** (5.32) | -28.31*** (3.24) | -25.37*** (3.30) |
DTP immunization | Â | Â | Â | -21.97*** (3.79) | -26.20*** (3.77) |
Measles immunization | Â | Â | Â | -21.28*** (2.87) | -14.53** (2.92) |
Elderly | -66.14** (23.54) | -103.99*** (20.32) | -70.40*** (19.75) | -44.80* (18.88) | -47.50** (16.73) |
Physician density | -768.98*** (72.85) | -490.75*** (88.92) | -507.20*** (87.45) | -41.25 (79.42) | -193.32* (89.77) |
Doctor visits | -129.19*** (17.28) | -92.20*** (14.28) | -10.50 (18.21) | -30.13* (14.25) | -13.71 (14.28) |
GDP per capita | -0.035*** (0.005) | -0.052*** (0.006) | -0.053*** (0.005) | -0.039*** (0.005) | -0.04*** (0.005) |
1980s fixed effects++ | Â | Â | Â | Â | -656.13*** (104.82) |
1990s fixed effects++ | Â | Â | Â | Â | -775.84*** (141.07) |
F change | - | 14.02# | 36.97# | 71.43# | 21.89# |
Adjusted R 2 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.79 |