Table 1 Biochemical indices by gender and parental educational level

159.7 ± 30.2

167.6 ± 31.6^a

169.3 ± 30.9^b

0.007

53.8 ± 31.9

54.2 ± 14.7

60.3 ± 15.2^b,c

<0.001

90.3 ± 27.2

95.6 ± 30.0

96.2 ± 29.7

0.930

90.6 ± 49.0

85.3 ± 38.0

85.4 ± 43.4

0.568

3.23 ± 0.85

3.28 ± 0.98

2.96 ± 0.86^b,c

0.011

Lower (n = 276)

Medium (n = 209)

Higher (n = 46)

p-value (ANOVA)

162.3 ± 32.1

168.9 ± 29.4^a

168.8 ± 34.0

0.036

54.0 ± 15.9

53.7 ± 13.5

60.0 ± 18.0^b,c

0.033

90.9 ± 28.6

97.2 ± 29.1^a

99.6 ± 31.8

0.017

88.0 ± 45.2

87.2 ± 42.4

85.0 ± 39.1

0.851

3.16 ± 0.83

3.34 ± 1.01

3.02 ± 0.97

0.023

GIRLS

Lower (n = 164)

Medium (n = 281)

Higher (n = 66)

p-value (ANOVA)

168.9 ± 29.8

172.0 ± 34.2

175.5 ± 30.5

0.308

51.1 ± 11.5

52.9 ± 12.5

61.5 ± 20.0^b,c

<0.001

103.2 ± 85.4

99.9 ± 32.8

95.5 ± 31.9

0.609

95.3 ± 42.3

95.5 ± 49.6

98.1 ± 45.9

0.879

3.44 ± 0.84

3.40 ± 0.92

3.06 ± 0.89^b,c

0.008

Lower (n = 259)

Medium (n = 227)

Higher (n = 27)

p-value (ANOVA)

168.4 ± 32.2

174.2 ± 32.7

179.7 ± 28.1^b

0.046

51.6 ± 13.9

54.9 ± 12.8^a

56.2 ± 13.7^b

0.002

100.6 ± 72.0

99.8 ± 33.0

107.4 ± 26.3

0.799

95.2 ± 42.1

97.4 ± 51.9

81.5 ± 35.1

0.194

3.41 ± 0.85

3.32 ± 0.93

3.38 ± 0.95

0.488