Racial differences in influenza vaccination among older americans 1996–2000: longitudinal analysis of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey

Table 1 Uptake of Influenza Vaccine by Survey, Wave and Gender in Selected Subgroups (weighted percentages).

Variables	HRS*1996		HRS 2000		AHEAD*1995		AHEAD 2000
	Female n = 4375	Male n = 3676	Female n = 4859	Male n = 4030	Female n = 3840	Male n = 2386	Female n = 3049	Male n = 1526
Demographic
Age 50–54	35	29	43	41
Age 55–59	38	35	52	46
Age 60–64	46	41	58	53
Age 70–74					67	71	77	81
Age 75–79					67	74	75	82
Age 80–84					68	69	76	80
Age 85–89					65	61	76	81
White	41	36	58	58	69	72	77	82
Black	28	32	45	50	51	51	60	68
Socioeconomic
Completed high school	41	37	58	59	71	73	78	82
Not completed high school	36	31	52	53	62	66	71	78
Born in the US	40	36	57	58	68	71	76	81
Born abroad	35	31	47	46	61	61	77	73
Married	42	36	59	59	71	72	80	82
Not married	35	34	52	50	65	66	73	77
Income category ^a 1	37	36	53	54	61	60	70	69
Income category 2	38	29	58	64	67	68	77	81
Income category 3	42	37	57	57	67	72	76	82
Income category 4	43	38	58	54	76	77	80	84
Health
Smokers	36	30	49	45	57	56	64	70
Non smokers	41	38	58	60	68	72	77	82
Less physical activity			57	57			74	79
Vigorous exercise			57	57			79	83
Health excellent, v. good, good	38	35	55	55	66	70	75	81
Health poor or fair	46	42	60	64	68	71	77	80
Cognitively normal					68	71	77	82
Cognitively impaired					54	56	62	67
Subj. life expectation ^b 0–33	37	34	60	62	67	71	75	80
Subj. life expectation 34–66	41	39	58	53	68	74	78	83
Subj. life expectation 67–100	40	35	53	52	67	65	75	79
Health Care
Uninsured	30	23	38	27
Insured	41	37	58	59
No additional private insurance					56	57	76	81
Additional private insurance					70	74	64	80
Not in hospital last year	39	34	55	55	66	70	75	79
Hospitalized in the last year	47	46	66	67	71	74	78	84
0–2 doctor visits last year	29	26	43	40	59	61	58	67
3–5 doctor visits last year	38	39	55	60	72	76	75	81
6+ doctor visits last year	49	46	64	67	72	79	80	84
Not admitted to nursing home					67	71	76	81
Admitted to nursing home					67	77

* HRS – Health and Retirement Study AHEAD – Asset and Health Dynamics Among Oldest Old Survey a. Household income categories (in $): HRS 1996: 1. less than or equal to 13,000 2. 13,001–31,600 3. 31,600–58,269 4. more than 58,269 HRS 2000: 1. less than or equal to 8,295 2. 8,296–20,420 3. 20,421–49,504 4. more than 49,504 AHEAD 1995: 1. less than or equal to 10,560 2. 10,561–18,000 3. 18,001–30,000 4. more than 30,000 AHEAD 2000: 1. less than or equal to 8,400 2. 8,401–12,000 3. 12,001–18,840 4. more than 18,840 b. Subjective life expectation: HRS: "(What is the percent chance) that you will live to be 75 or more?". AHEAD: "(Using a number from 0 to 100), what do you think are the chances that you will live another 5 years?"

ISSN: 1471-2458