Is drinking water a risk factor for endemic cryptosporidiosis? A case-control study in the immunocompetent general population of the San Francisco Bay Area

Table 2 Univariate analyses of composite variables constructed for each major route of transmission

EXPOSURE	Cases	Controls	Univariate	95% CI	P-value
	N (%)	N (%)	OR
Drinking water
Level of risk^a
Boil water	2 (7.7)	4 (6.5)	1.00
Filter or bottle water	10 (38.5)	27 (43.6)	0.74	0.11, 5.02	0.754
Tap, no further treatment	14 (53.9)	31 (50.0)	0.92	0.16, 5.30	0.929
Recreational water
Swimming, hot tub/spring	8 (30.8)	18 (29.0)	1.02	0.28, 3.75	0.973
Food sources ^b
Unsafe foods consumed	22 (84.6)	59 (95.2)	0.38	0.08, 1.79	0.223
Handle raw foods	5 ( *19.2* )	28 ( *45.2* )	0.23	0.06, 0.85	0.028
All combined	22 (84.6)	60 (96.8)	0.25	0.44, 1.44	0.121
Travel
>100 miles from home ^c	17 ( *65.4* )	18 ( *29.0* )	4.44	1.53, 12.8	0.006
To another country	13 ( *50.0* )	3 ( *4.84* )	25.7	3.28, 201	0.002
Person-to-person (fecal)
Day care/camp contact	6 (23.1)	19 (30.7)	0.76	0.27, 2.14	0.604
Contact with diapers	12 (46.2)	31 (50.0)	1.03	0.38, 2.78	0.959
Contact with people with diarrhea	6 (23.1)	13 (21.0)	1.07	0.28, 4.09	0.927
All combined	15 (57.7)	39 (62.9)	0.76	0.28, 2.09	0.599
Animal contact	14 (53.9)	45 (72.6)	0.48	0.16,1.45	0.194
Sexual activity ^d	9(52.9)	20 (45.5)	1.59	0.44, 5.74	0.476

^aTests for trend: linear P-value = 0.674; non-parametric extension of Wilcoxon rank sum P-value = 0.660. ^bUnpasteurized food consumption could not be analyzed because of insufficient data. ^cThis includes the subset who traveled to another country. ^dAny sexual relations in 2-week risk period or >1 sexual partner in last 6 months (asked of all adults over 18 years of age)

ISSN: 1471-2458