Table 2 Demographic Characteristics and prevalence of parameters for adolescent aged 13 years old by gender and Place of Residences

Place of residence

   Urban

240 (45.7)

483 (57.8)

723 (53.1)

   Rural

285 (54.3)

353 (42.2)

638 (46.9)

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

   Normal (<130)

497 (95.2)

795 (95.1)

1292 (94.9)

   Hypertensive (≥130)

25 (4.8)

33 (3.9)

58 (4.3)

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

   Normal (<85)

496(94.5)

788 (94.3)

1284 (94.3)

   Hypertensive (≥85)

26 (5.0)

40 (4.8)

66 (4.8)

Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L)

   Normal (3.9-5.5)

496 (94.5)

788 (94.3)

1284 (94.1)

   High (≥5.6)

26 (5.0)

27 (3.2)

53 (3.9)

   Low (<3.9)

3 (0.6)

21 (2.5)

24 (1.8)

Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)

   Desirable (<5.2)

415 (79.0)

624 (74.6)

1039 (76.3)

   Borderline (5.2-6.2)

92 (17.5)

178 (21.3)

270 (19.8)

   High Risk (>6.2)

18 (3.4)

34 (4.1)

52 (3.8)

HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)

   At risk (≤1.03)

478 (91.0)

795 (95.1)

1273 (93.5)

8.74

<0.05

   Normal (>1.03)

47 (9.0)

41 (4.9)

88 (6.5)

LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)

   Optimal (<2.58)

252 (48.0)

334 (40.0)

586 (43.1)

   Near Optimal (2.58-3.34)

179 (34.1)

343 (41.0)

522 (38.4)

   Borderline (3.35-4.11)

73 (13.9)

120 (14.4)

193 (14.2)

9.74

<0.05

   High (4.12-4.89)

15 (2.9)

31 (3.7)

46 (3.4)

   Very high (>4.9)

6 (1.1)

8 (1.0)

14 (1.0)

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

   Normal (<1.7)

491 (93.5)

784 (93.8)

1275 (93.7)

0.04

0.850

   High (≥ 1.7)

34 (6.5)

52 (6.2)

86 (6.3)

BMI (IOTF standards kgm ^-2 )

   Underweight (<15.8^m; <16.3^f )

103 (20.0)

183 (23.0)

286 (21.9)

   Normal (15.8 - <21.9^m; 16.3 - <22.6^f)

282 (53.7)

456 (54.5)

738 (54.2)

   Overweight (<21.9 - <26.8^m; 22.6 - <27.8^f)

82 (15.6)

128 (15.3)

210 (15.4)

   Obese (≥26.8^m; ≥27.8^f)

56(10.7)

60 (7.2)

116 (8.5)

Smoking

   No

432 (82.3)

790 (94.5)

1222 (89.8)

47.8

<0.001

   Yes

81 (15.4)

39 (4.7)

120 (8.8)

Urban

Rural

Total (%)

No (%)

No (%)

Ethnicity

   Malay

521 (72.1)

570 (89.3)

1091 (80.2)

   Chinese

98 (13.6)

7 (1.1)

105 (7.7)

   Indian

83 (11.5)

22 (3.4)

105 (7.7)

   Others

12 (1.7)

29 (4.5)

41 (3.0)

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

   Normal (<130)

680 (94.1)

612 (95.9)

1292 (94.9)

   Hypertensive (≥130)

32 (4.4)

26 (4.1)

58 (4.3)

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

   Normal (<85)

687 (95.0)

597 (93.6)

1284 (94.3)

   Hypertensive (≥85)

25 (3.5)

41 (6.4)

66 (4.8)

Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L)

   Normal (3.9-5.5)

692 (95.7)

592 (92.8)

1284 (94.1)

   High (≥5.6)

26 (3.6)

27 (4.2)

53 (3.9)

   Low (<3.9)

5 (0.7)

19 (3.0)

24 (1.8)

Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)

   Desirable (<5.2)

579 (80.1)

460 (72.1)

1039 (76.3)

   Borderline (5.2-6.2)

127 (17.6)

143 (22.4)

270 (19.8)

   High Risk (>6.2)

17 (2.4)

35 (5.5)

52 (3.8)

HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)

   At risk (≤1.03)

681 (94.2)

592 (92.8)

1273 (93.5)

   Normal (>1.03)

42 (5.8)

46 (7.2)

88 (6.5)

LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L)

   Optimal (<2.58)

343 (47.4)

243 (38.1)

586 (43.1)

   Near Optimal (2.58-3.34)

271 (37.5)

251 (39.3)

522 (38.4)

   Borderline (3.35-4.11)

93 (12.9)

100 (15.7)

193 (14.2)

   High (4.12-4.89)

10 (1.4)

36 (5.6)

46 (3.4)

   Very high (>4.9)

6 (0.8)

8 (1.3)

14 (1.0)

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

   Normal (<1.7)

670 (92.7)

605 (94.8)

1275 (93.7)

2.67

0.102

   High (≥ 1.7)

53 (7.3)

33 (5.2)

86 (6.3)

Smoking

   No

656 (90.7)

566 (88.7)

1222 (89.8)

1.26

0.262

   Yes

58 (8.0)

62 (9.7)

120 (8.8)