Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants.

n

405

666

-

Ethnicity (%)

0.87

  Malay

82.3

83.0

  Chinese

8.2

7.0

  Indian

6.5

7.1

  Others

3.1

2.8

Tanner staging (%)

<0.001

  1

   8.2

   4.8

  2

30.5

18.2

  3

40.8

48.4

  4

17.7

25.3

  5

   2.9

   3.4

Age (years)

12.8 ± 0.3

12.9 ± 0.3

0.024

Pulse rate (beats/min)

85.5 ± 14.0

90.1 ± 13.2

<0.001

SBP (mm/Hg)

110.6 ± 10.5

108.7 ± 11.8

0.006

DBP (mm/Hg)

68.8 ± 10.5

66.7 ± 10.3

0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

19.8 ± 5.0

19.7 ± 4.4

0.729

BMI SD

0.17 ± 1.7

0.02 ± 1.4

0.130

WC (cm)

70.5 ± 13.1

67.5 ± 9.9

<0.001

WHtR

0.47 ± 0.1

0.45 ± 0.1

<0.001