Table 1 Study measures and time points

Hypothesis 1a) Children’s health and development outcomes

Cognitive development

Bayley scales of infant and toddler development III (BSID)^a

X

X

Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI) – Valid for ages 2.6-7.3^b

X

X

Language and socio-emotional development

Peabody Picture Vocabulary – Valid for ages 2 + ^c

X

X

Child health questionnaire – Valid for ages 5+; Measures functional health and well-being^d

X

X

Expressive Vocabulary Test

X

X

Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) questions – Items on health status, injury and hospitalisation, health care access and affordability

X

X

X

Hypothesis 1b) Children’s academic achievement and ability

Woodcock Johnson NU tests – Literacy and numeracy^e

X

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment Program (DECA) – 37 observer rated positive behaviour items (subscales are initiative, self-control and attachment)^f

X

X

X

Hypothesis 1c) Children’s emotional and behavioural regulation

Greenspan socio-emotional growth chart (SEGC) – 35 item measure of socio-emotional milestones for ages 0–42 months^g

X

Brief infant toddler social emotional assessment (BITSEA) – 42 item parent completed screener for social-emotional/behavioural problems for ages 12–36 months^h

X

X

Child behaviour checklist – Identifies behavioural problems; Valid 18+ monthsⁱ

X

X

Alarm baby distress scale (ADDB) – Social and interactive behaviour of infant in interaction with researcher; Valid for ages 1–36 months^j

X

Hypothesis 2 Incidence of poor parenting

Parent–child relationship

Strange situation procedure (SSP) – Conducted in an unfamiliar toy-filled room consisting of a structured sequence of brief episodes of separations and reunions from primary caregiver; Valid for 8–30 months^k

X

X

Story stem assessment – Uses dolls and narrative to measure the child’s representations of their attachment relationships; Valid for ages 3+ years^l

X

X

Emotional availability scale (EAS) – 20 minutes free play between child and mother, coded for adult sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, non-hostility and child’s responsiveness; Valid for ages 0–7 years^m

X

X

X

Parenting, stress and attitudes

Home observation measurement of environment (HOME)–Semi-structured interview and direct observation of home environment by trained assessor to measure parent responsiveness and acceptance of the child, organisation of the environment, learning materials, parental involvement, variety of experienceⁿ

X

X

X

The parenting daily hassles scale – 20 items where parents rate the frequency and intensity/impact of experiences that can be a ‘hassle’ to parents^o

X

X

X

Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) Parenting Practices: Parent self-efficacy and harsh parenting scales

X

X

X

K6 – Measures non-specific psychological stress in adults^p

X

X

X

Rand depression screener – 8 item self-report that screens for depressive and dysthymic disorders^q

X

X

X

Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) questions – Items on use of health and welfare services, employment and experience of neighbourhood

X

X

X