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Table 3 Multilevel models for poor mental well-being in 14,583 employed men aged 15–65 nested within 38 year-cohorts in 19 European countries (ESS 2004/5 and 2010)
| Reference model b (SE) | Model 1 b (SE) | Model 2 b (SE) | Model 3 b (SE) | Model 4 b (SE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | |||||
| Constant | 3.094 (0.086)*** | 3.194 (0.096)*** | 3.108 (0.097)*** | 2.809 (0.096)*** | 3.165 (0.096)*** |
| Individual characteristics | |||||
| Age | |||||
| 15-29 years (ref.) | |||||
| 30-49 years | 0.294 (0.041)*** | 0.305 (0.041)*** | 0.301 (0.041)*** | 0.270 (0.042)*** | 0.298 (0.041)*** |
| 50 years and older | 0.221 (0.046)*** | 0.228 (0.046)*** | 0.248 (0.046)*** | 0.234 (0.047)*** | 0.217 (0.046)*** |
| Social Class | |||||
| Unskilled workers (ref.) | |||||
| Semi-skilled workers | -0.108 (0.054)* | -0.052 (0.053) | -0.038 (0.054) | -0.096 (0.054) | |
| Expert workers | -0.020 (0.061) | 0.127 (0.062)* | 0.144 (0.062)* | -0.007 (0.061) | |
| Non-expert supervisors | -0.185 (0.059)** | -0.045 (0.060) | -0.098 (0.059) | -0.172 (0.059)** | |
| Expert supervisors | -0.147 (0.065)* | 0.038 (0.068) | -0.003 (0.067) | -0.123 (0.065) | |
| Non-expert managers | -0.247 (0.091)** | -0.060 (0.092) | -0.130 (0.091) | -0.224 (0.091)* | |
| Expert managers | -0.160 (0.077)* | 0.040 (0.080) | -0.021 (0.079) | -0.138 (0.077) | |
| Psychosocial work environment | |||||
| Low skill discretion | 0.090 (0.008)*** | ||||
| Low autonomy | 0.034 (0.007)*** | ||||
| High psychological demands | 0.087 (0.006)*** | ||||
| Employment conditions | |||||
| Contract type | |||||
| Permanent (ref.) | |||||
| Non-permanent | -0.045 (0.049) | ||||
| No contract | 0.037 (0.075) | ||||
| Income | |||||
| Sufficient household income (ref.) | |||||
| Contributory earner with insufficient household income | 0.619 (0.104)*** | ||||
| Main earner with insufficient household income | 0.818 (0.046)*** | ||||
| Irregular and/or unsocial hours | 0.039 (0.007)*** | ||||
| Employment status | |||||
| Full-time (ref.) | |||||
| Part-time | -0.012 (0.081) | ||||
| Involuntary part-time | 0.159 (0.082) | ||||
| Lack of training | 0.053 (0.034) | ||||
| Employment relations | |||||
| Lack of support | 0.536 (0.077)*** | ||||
| Random effects a | |||||
| Level 1 variance | 3.379 (0.040) | 3.374 (0.040) | 3.289 (0.039) | 3.293 (0.039) | 3.363 (0.039) |
| Level 2 variance | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.023 (0.011) | 0.025 (0.012) | 0.020 (0.010) | 0.022 (0.011) |
| Level 3 variance | 0.105 (0.040) | 0.106 (0.040) | 0.105 (0.040) | 0.075 (0.029) | 0.105 (0.039) |
| - 2 loglikelihood | -29612.5 | -29602.9 | -29419.7 | -29421.1 | -29578.5 |
