Table 2 Multilevel models for poor mental well-being in 14,164 employed women aged 15–65 nested within 38 year-cohorts in 19 European countries (ESS 2004/5 and 2010)
Reference model b (SE) | Model 1 b (SE) | Model 2 b (SE) | Model 3 b (SE) | Model 4 b (SE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | |||||
Constant | 3.368 (0.084)*** | 3.529 (0.096)*** | 3.352 (0.098)*** | 3.048 (0.096)*** | 3.480 (0.096)*** |
Individual characteristics | |||||
Age | |||||
15-29 years (ref.) | |||||
30-49 years | 0.246 (0.044)*** | 0.247 (0.044)*** | 0.248 (0.044)*** | 0.258 (0.045)*** | 0.240 (0.044)*** |
50 years and older | 0.230 (0.050)*** | 0.214 (0.050)*** | 0.231 (0.049)*** | 0.266 (0.051)*** | 0.203 (0.050)*** |
Social Class | |||||
Unskilled workers (ref.) | |||||
Semi-skilled workers | -0.144 (0.056)** | -0.046 (0.056) | -0.099 (0.056) | -0.121 (0.056)* | |
Expert workers | -0.181 (0.059)** | 0.022 (0.061) | -0.031 (0.060) | -0.146 (0.059)* | |
Non-expert supervisors | -0.252 (0.072)*** | -0.064 (0.073) | -0.178 (0.072)* | -0.218 (0.072)** | |
Expert supervisors | -0.182 (0.069)** | 0.042 (0.073) | -0.059 (0.071) | -0.140 (0.069)* | |
Non-expert managers | -0.212 (0.118) | 0.024 (0.119) | -0.113 (0.117) | -0.187 (0.118) | |
Expert managers | -0.307 (0.100)** | -0.022 (0.103) | -0.158 (0.101) | -0.269 (0.100)** | |
Psychosocial work environment | |||||
Low skill discretion | 0.095 (0.008)*** | ||||
Low autonomy | 0.033 (0.007)*** | ||||
High psychological demands | 0.069 (0.006)*** | ||||
Employment conditions | |||||
Contract type | |||||
Permanent (ref.) | |||||
Non-permanent | 0.025 (0.049) | ||||
No contract | 0.175 (0.082)* | ||||
Income | |||||
Sufficient household income (ref.) | |||||
Contributory earner with insufficient household income | 0.785 (0.070)*** | ||||
Main earner with insufficient household income | 0.891 (0.050)*** | ||||
Irregular and/or unsocial hours | 0.057 (0.008)*** | ||||
Employment status | |||||
Full-time (ref.) | |||||
Part-time | 0.071 (0.044) | ||||
Involuntary part-time | 0.162 (0.071)* | ||||
Lack of training | 0.058 (0.035) | ||||
Employment relations | |||||
Lack of support | 0.490 (0.071)*** | ||||
Random effects a | |||||
Level 1 variance | 3.664 (0.044) | 3.660 (0.044) | 3.586 (0.043) | 3.544 (0.042) | 3.648 (0.044) |
Level 2 variance | 0.035 (0.015) | 0.034 (0.015) | 0.032 (0.014) | 0.029 (0.013) | 0.032 (0.014) |
Level 3 variance | 0.088 (0.037) | 0.088 (0.036) | 0.090 (0.037) | 0.058 (0.026) | 0.087 (0.036) |
- 2 loglikelihood | -29338.4 | -29329.3 | -29185.3 | -29097.5 | -29305.4 |