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Table 3 Logistic regression analyses on association between socioeconomic demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, Pohnpei, FSM, 2002 a

From: Socioeconomic and demographic predictors of selected cardiovascular risk factors among adults living in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia

Predictor (measure)

Model 1 main effects

Final model main effects sex-age adjusted

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Daily tobacco use b

Education (highest level completed)

Primary (<9 y) (reference)

1

1

Secondary (9–12 y)

0.71 (0.51–0.98)

0.022

0.68 (0.49–0.95)

0.004

Post–secondary (≥13 y)

0.54 (0.33–0.86)

0.46 (0.29–0.75)

Income (estimated annual household)

Low (<$5,000) (reference)

1

1

Middle ($5,000–$10,000)

0.74 (0.47–1.17)

0.029

0.77 (0.50–1.20)

0.082

High (>$10,000)

0.46 (0.26–0.80)

0.50 (0.28–0.91)

Employment status c

Unemployed (reference)

1

1

Paid

1.76 (1.30–2.38)

< 0.001

1.33 (0.96–1.83)

0.201

Unpaid

0.90 (0.65–1.25)

1.10 (0.77–1.58)

Sex

Female

NA

1

Male

3.18 (2.29–4.43)

< 0.001

Age

<35 y (reference)

NA

1

35–44 y

1.50 (1.13–1.99)

< 0.001

45–54 y

1.25 (0.92–1.70)

>54 y

0.52 (0.30–0.91)

Low physical activity d

Education (highest level completed)

Primary (<9 y) (reference)

1

1

Secondary (9–12 y)

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

0.002

0.92 (0.68–1.23)

0.027

Post–secondary (≥13 y)

0.46 (0.29–0.73)

0.55 (0.34–0.87)

Income (estimated annual household)

Low (<$5,000) (reference)

1

1

Middle ($5,000–$10,000)

1.04 (0.67–1.61)

0.143

0.99 (0.62–1.60)

0.313

High (>$10,000)

1.63 (0.89–2.98)

1.47 (0.76–2.83)

Employment status c

Unemployed (reference)

1

1

Paid

1.08 (0.72–1.62)

0.045

1.35 (0.91–2.01)

0.158

Unpaid

1.94 (1.09–3.46)

1.60 (0.89–2.90)

Sex

Female

NA

1

Male

0.33 (0.23–0.47)

< 0.001

Age

<35 y (reference)

NA

1

35–44 y

1.00 (0.65–1.52)

0.018

45–54 y

1.75 (1.20–2.55)

>54 y

1.30 (0.77–2.18)

High BP e

Education (highest level completed)

Primary (<9 y) (reference)

1

1

Secondary (9–12 y)

0.62 (0.41–0.93)

0.049

0.76 (0.49–1.17)

0.402

Post–secondary (≥13 y)

0.72 (0.42–1.21)

0.80 (0.45–1.39)

Income (estimated annual household)

Low (<$5,000) (reference)

1

1

Middle ($5,000–$10,000)

1.19 (0.81–1.74)

< 0.001

1.06 (0.68–1.66)

0.003

High (>$10,000)

2.53 (1.74–3.68)

2.24 (1.43–3.51)

Employment status c

Unemployed (reference)

1

1

Paid

1.17 (0.94–1.45)

0.138

0.90 (0.69–1.17)

0.647

Unpaid

0.91 (0.59–1.42)

0.83 (0.52–1.32)

Sex

Female

NA

1

Male

2.01 (1.43–2.83)

< 0.001

Age

<35 y (reference)

NA

1

35–44 y

1.94 (1.30–2.90)

< 0.001

45–54 y

3.77 (2.57–5.51)

>54 y

6.08 (3.68–10.06)

 

Central obesity f

Education (highest level completed)

Primary (<9 y) (reference)

1

1

Secondary (9–12 y)

1.12 (0.86–1.45)

0.179

1.14 (0.88–1.47)

0.315

Post–secondary (≥13 y)

0.78 (0.52–1.16)

0.85 (0.56–1.31)

Income (estimated annual household)

Low (<$5,000) (reference)

1

1

Middle ($5,000–$10,000)

1.20 (0.82–1.75)

0.615

1.17 (0.79–1.72)

0.792

High (>$10,000)

1.28 (0.78–2.10)

1.21 (0.72–2.01)

Employment status c

Unemployed (reference)

1

1

Paid

1.57 (1.13–2.19)

0.001

1.90 (1.39–2.60)

< 0.001

Unpaid

1.60 (1.15–2.23)

1.47 (1.06–2.05)

Sex

Female

NA

1

Male

0.50 (0.35–0.71)

< 0.001

Age

<35 y (reference)

NA

1

35–44 y

0.82 (0.57–1.18)

0.111

45–54 y

1.09 (0.77–1.54)

>54 y

1.16 (0.68–1.98)

  1. Abbreviations: FSM Federated States of Micronesia, BP Blood pressure, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, y Year, NA Not applicable.
  2. aUsing the 2002 STEPS Pohnpei, FSM data set; all estimates are age–sex standardized to the FSM 2000 Pohnpei Census; p-values based on the Rao–Scott adjustment to χ2.
  3. bDaily tobacco use includes daily use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or smokeless tobacco.
  4. cUnpaid category includes student, homemaker, volunteer, or retired.
  5. dPhysically inactive includes <30 minutes/day of moderate activity on five or more days/week.
  6. eHigh BP defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHG, use of BP medication, or self–report of hypertension diagnosis.
  7. fCentral obesity defined as waist circumference: Male > 102 cm; Female > 88 cm.