Skip to main content

Table 2 Age at start smoking, number of cigarettes smoked daily and pack-years smoked at 30 year in 2854 current smokers retrieved in GEIRD cross-sectional survey, as a function of sex, age, education level, occupation, site of residence and climatic region

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking habits are still increasing in Italy

 

No. of smokers

Age at start smoking

Cigarettes/day

Pack-years smoked at 30a

Sex

 

p = 0.111b

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  Men

1600

17.3 ± 3.7 (17, 15–18)

13.8 ± 10.7 (10, 8–20)

9.7 ± 8.3 (8.3, 4.5-13)

  Women

1253

17.5 ± 3.8 (17, 15–19)

11.1 ± 6.7 (10, 6–15)

7.7 ± 5.5 (6.5, 3.8-10.5)

Age

 

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.009

  20-29 years

872

16.6 ± 2.5 (16, 15–18)

10.4 ± 6.5 (10, 5–15)

-----

  30-39 years

1193

17.6 ± 3.7 (17, 15–19)

13.1 ± 7.8 (10, 8–20)

8.5 ± 7.6 (7.5, 4–11.3)

  40-47 years

782

17.9 ± 4.7 (17, 15–20)

14.1 ± 8.7 (13, 8–20)

9.3 ± 6.7 (7.8, 4.2-13)

Education

 

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  Primary school

45

16.0 ± 4.3 (15.5, 14–18)

17.1 ± 11.4 (15, 10–20)

12.8 ± 10.3 (10.5,5.5-17)

  Lower secondary

757

16.5 ± 3.3 (16, 15–18)

15.8 ± 10.6 (15, 10–20)

11.2 ± 8.8 (10, 6–15)

  Upper secondary

1493

17.5 ± 3.6 (17, 15–19)

11.6 ± 8.6 (10, 6–20)

8.0 ± 6.4 (7, 3.6-11.3)

  Degree

544

18.3 ± 4.2 (18, 16–20)

10.2 ± 6.7 (10, 5–15)

6.6 ± 4.9 (5.6, 3–9.6)

Occupation

 

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  Clerk

899

17.9 ± 4.1 (17, 15–19)

11.2 ± 7.1 (10, 5–15)

7.4 ± 5.4 (6, 3–10.5)

  Housewife

183

17.4 ± 4.1 (17, 15–19)

12.9 ± 7.4 (12, 10–15)

8.8 ± 6.3 (7.1, 4.9-12)

  Manager

34

17.8 ± 5.0 (17, 15–20)

11.6 ± 7.9 (10, 8–15)

8.4 ± 7.6 (6, 4.5-8)

  Businessman

116

17.8 ± 3.4 (17, 15–20)

14.4 ± 8.7 (15, 9–20)

9.1 ± 6.3 (8.4, 5–12)

  Free-lancer

377

18.0 ± 4.0 (17, 16–20)

11.9 ± 7.0 (10, 6–15)

7.7 ± 5.4 (7, 3.5-11.3)

  Workman

573

16.8 ± 3.2 (16, 15–18)

15.5 ± 13.8 (15, 10–20)

10.9 ± 10.2 (9, 5.9-14)

  Unemployed

260

16.9 ± 3.6 (16, 15–18)

14.4 ± 8.7 (12, 10–20)

10.8 ± 8.3 (9, 5–14)

  Student

283

16.7 ± 2.4 (17, 15–18)

8.8 ± 5.1 (10, 5–10)

7.5 ± 4.5 (8.1, 3.5-11.3)

  Retired

9

14.7 ± 3.1 (15, 13–15)

18.0 ± 7.9 (18, 14–25)

14.2 ± 8.7(13.1,7.4-19.4)

  Other job

107

16.7 ± 3.7 (16, 15–18)

13.2 ± 8.1 (10, 8–20)

9.8 ± 6.8 (8.1, 5–12.8)

Site of residencec

 

p =0.238

p = 0.089

p = 0.055

  Downtown

978

17.5 ± 3.8 (17, 15–19)

12.5 ± 10.0 (10, 7–18)

8.8 ± 8.4 (7.5, 3.9-12)

  Suburbs

1103

17.4 ± 3.8 (17, 15–19)

12.7 ± 9.6 (10, 7–18)

8.9 ± 7.0 (7.5, 4–12)

  Countryside

272

17.4 ± 4.1 (16, 15–18)

13.4 ± 7.8 (11, 8–20)

9.6 ± 6.3 (8, 5–14)

Geographic area

 

p =0.474

p =0.241

p =0.697

  Northern Italy

999

17.3 ± 3.6 (17, 15–19)

12.7 ± 9.8 (10, 7–16)

8.8 ± 6.6 (7, 3.9-12)

  Central-Southern

1855

17.5 ± 3.9 (17, 15–19)

12.3 ± 7.9 (10, 6–17)

8.8 ± 7.7 (7.5, 4.2-12)

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (median, interquartile range).
  2. a: Pack-years smoked by 30 yrs were computed by multiplying the average daily consumption of 20-cigarette packs by years from age at starting smoking to 30, in current smokers aged 30 years or more.
  3. b: P values were computed by Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney rank-sum test or by Kruskal-Wallis rank test.
  4. c: the Ancona sample (n = 1866) was not asked about their site of residence.
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us