Associations between work-related stress in late midlife, educational attainment, and serious health problems in old age: a longitudinal study with over 20 years of follow-up

Table 2 Associations between work-related stress and domains with serious health problems

	Number of domains with serious health problems (ref. no serious problems)
	Model I		Model II
WORK-RELATED STRESS	1 domain	2-3 domains^a (Complex health problems)	1 domain	2-3 domains, (Complex health problems)
Job Demands (ref. low) ^b	OR (CI 95%)^c	OR (CI 95%)	OR (CI 95%)	OR (CI 95%)
Total	0.76 (0.58-1.01)	1.00 (0.64-1.56)	0.82 (0.61-1.09)	1.10 (0.71-1.69)
Women	1.02 (0.69-1.51)	1.61 (0.88-2.97)	1.07 (0.71-1.61)	1.79 (0.98-3.27)
Men	0.54 (0.36-0.81)	0.56 (0.29-1.08)	0.59 (0.39-0.88)	0.60 (0.31-1.14)
Difference women/men^d	*	*	*	*
Job Control (linear ^e , high values = low control)
Total	1.15 (0.99-1.34)	1.47 (1.18-1.84)	1.02 (0.86-1.22)	1.30 (1.01-1.67)
Women	1.05 (0.85-1.28)	1.33 (0.98-1.80)	0.95 (0.75-1.20)	1.12 (0.81-1.54)
Men	1.28 (1.01-1.62)	1.68 (1.22-2.32)	1.13 (0.86-1.48)	1.58 (1.08-2.30)
Difference women/men^d	ns	ns	ns	ns
High job strain ^f (ref. low strain ^g )
Total	0.79 (0.50-1.24)	2.62 (1.03-6.69)	0.65 (0.41-1.04)	2.17 (0.82-5.74)
Women	0.70 (0.36-1.40)	3.12 (0.80-12.18)	0.59 (0.28-1.22)	2.14 (0.55-8.27)
Men	0.83 (0.44-1.57)	2.28 (0.60-8.66)	0.69 (0.36-1.32)	2.14 (0.51-8.96)
Difference women/men^d	ns	ns	ns	ns

Results of multinomial logistic regressions. All analyses were adjusted for follow-up year and baseline characteristics: age, sex, physical work environment, hours worked during previous year, mental health, mobility, and an index based on all diseases and symptoms that were used to create the outcome. Model II was adjusted for all these factors and for level of education. The analyses were conducted separately for women and men. Results in bold: p value <0.05. ^aThose with simultaneous problems in two or three health domains were classified as having complex health problems. ^bFor women, the reference category was women with low job demands. For men, the reference category was men with low job demands. ^cAbbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ns nonsignificant. ^dP value for how the association between work-related stress and health problems differs between men and women; e.g., the interaction between sex and job demands: *p < 0.05, ns = p ≥ 0.05. ^eIn linear representation, the ORs indicate the change in odds of each higher category of the independent variable. Job control has four categories. ^fHigh job strain: control was dichotomized into low and medium low vs. high and medium high. High strain = high demands and low control. ^gFor women, the reference category was women with low job strain. For men, the reference category was men with low job strain.

ISSN: 1471-2458