Prevalence of diabetes in Northern African countries: the case of Tunisia

Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Ali, Samir Ben; Aissi, Wafa; Traissac, Pierre; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Bougatef, Souha; Maire, Bernard; Delpeuch, Francis; Achour, Noureddine

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-86

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Association of environmental and socio-demographic variables with undiagnosed and untreated type 2 diabetes (n = 6908)

From: Prevalence of diabetes in Northern African countries: the case of Tunisia

	Undiagnosed diabetes								Untreated diabetes
		Crude associations			Adjusted associations		Adjusted associations				Crude associations		Adjusted associations		Adjusted associations
		(Model 0)¹			(Model 1)²		(Model 2)³				(Model 0)¹		(Model 1)²		(Model 2)³
	n	%⁴	OR⁵	C.I.⁶	OR⁵	C.I.⁶	OR⁵	C.I.⁶	n	n	%⁴	OR⁵	C.I.⁶	OR⁵	C.I.⁶	OR⁵
Environment
Milieu	949	p = 0.23			p = 0.41		p = 0.31		468	p = 0.51			p = 0.42		p = 0.18
Urban	663	49.4	0.8	0.6-1.2	1.2	0.8-1.7	1.2	0.8-1.8	335	12.4	1.3	0.6-2.8	1.4	0.6-3.5	1.8	0.8-4.3
Rural	286	54.9	1	-	1	-	1	-	133	9.9	1	-	1	-	1	-
Region	949	p = 0.27			p = 0.54		p = 0.44		468	p = 0.28			p = 0.20		p = 0.14
Tunis	149	46.4	0.7	0.4-1.3	0.9	0.5-1.8	0.9	0.4-1.9	83	9.0	0.4	0.1-0.9	0.3	0.1-0.8	0.3	0.1-0.7
North East	105	40.6	0.6	0.3-1.1	0.6	0.3-1.2	0.6	0.3-1.3	60	15.0	0.6	0.2-1.8	0.5	0.2-1.5	0.5	0.2-1.6
North West	92	54.2	1	-	1	-	1	-	41	21.8	1	-	1	-	1	-
Centre East	209	57.4	1.1	0.7-2.0	1.1	0.6-2.1	1.1	0.6-2.2	83	10.6	0.4	0.2-1.2	0.3	0.1-0.9	0.3	0.1-1.0
Centre West	107	53.2	1.0	0.5-1.8	0.8	0.5-1.7	0.8	0.4-1.6	50	16.3	0.7	0.3-2.0	0.7	0.2-2.3	0.7	0.2-2.4
South East	153	50.1	0.9	0.5-1.5	0.9	0.5-1.7	0.9	0.4-1.7	76	12.2	0.5	0.2-1.3	0.4	0.1-1.2	0.4	0.1-1.2
South West	134	44.9	0.7	0.3-1.4	0.7	0.3-1.7	0.7	0.3-1.6	75	7.1	0.3	0.1-0.9	0.2	0.1-1.0	0.2	0.1-0.9
Familial factors
Family history of T2D	949	p < 0.001			p < 0.001		p < 0.001		468	p = 0.25			p = 0.20		p = 0.25
Yes	369	42.1	0.6	0.4-0.7	0.5	0.4-0.7	0.5	0.3-0.7	214	9.8	0.7	0.3-1.3	0.6	0.3-1.3	0.6	0.3-1.4
No	580	56.9	1	-	1	-	1	-	254	13.8	1	-	1	-	1	-
Demographic factors
Age (year)	949	p < 0.001			p < 0.001		p < 0.001		468	p = 0.0058			p = 0.0089		p = 0.0067
35-39	69	77.8	1	-	1	-	1	-	16	36.1	1	-	1	-	1	-
40-44	134	66.2	0.6	0.3-1.2	0.6	0.3-1.2	0.6	0.3-1.3	43	32.0	0.8	0.2-3.2	0.7	0.2-2.5	0.8	0.2-3.0
45-49	165	59.5	0.4	0.2-0.9	0.4	0.2-0.9	0.4	0.2-0.9	66	7.8	0.2	0.0-0.6	0.1	0.0-0.5	0.1	0.0-0.5
50-54	155	38.5	0.2	0.1-0.4	0.2	0.1-0.4	0.2	0.1-0.4	82	7.8	0.2	0.0-0.6	0.1	0.0-0.5	0.2	0.0-0.6
55-59	145	41.3	0.2	0.1-0.4	0.2	0.1-0.5	0.2	0.1-0.5	84	9.8	0.2	0.0-0.8	0.2	0.0-0.7	0.2	0.0-0.7
60-64	116	41.9	0.2	0.1-0.4	0.2	0.1-0.5	0.2	0.1-0.4	69	9.0	0.2	0.0-0.7	0.2	0.0-0.7	0.2	0.0-0.8
65-71	165	36.8	0.2	0.1-0.3	0.2	0.1-0.4	0.2	0.1-0.4	108	6.9	0.1	0.0-0.6	0.1	0.0-0.5	0.1	0.0-0.5
Socio-economic factors
Economic level of the
household proxy	949	p = 0.0025			p < 0.001		p < 0.001		468	p = 0.30			p = 0.25		p = 0.33
1st quintile	141	69.6	1	-	1	-	1	-	51	10.0	1	-	1	-
2nd quintile	187	57.3	0.6	0.3-1.0	0.5	0.3-0.9	0.6	0.3-1.0	81	9.7	1.0	0.3-3.4	1.3	0.3-4.8	1.3	0.3-5.4
3rd quintile	228	44.9	0.4	0.2-0.6	0.3	0.2-0.5	0.3	0.1-0.5	124	18.3	2.0	0.7-6.2	2.3	0.6-8.7	2.5	0.6-10.3
4th quintile	203	50.5	0.5	0.3-0.8	0.3	0.2-0.6	0.3	0.2-0.6	106	7.5	0.7	0.2-2.4	0.8	0.2-2.9	0.8	0.2-3.7
5th quintile	191	42.5	0.3	0.2-0.6	0.2	0.1-0.4	0.2	0.1-0.4	106	11.7	1.2	0.4-3.8	1.0	0.2-4.1	1.1	0.2-5.4
Level of education of head of household	949	p = 0.026			p = 0.45		p = 0.33		468	p = 0.13			p = 0.93		p = 0.93
No formal schooling	373	45.0	1	-	1	-	1	-	200	7.9	1	-	1	-	1	-
Primary school	335	57.7	1.7	1.1-2.4	1.3	0.8-2.2	1.5	0.9-2.4	151	15.9	2.2	1.0-4.7	1.2	0.4-3.5	1.2	0.4-3.5
Secondary/university	241	48.3	1.1	0.8-1.7	1.0	0.5-2.0	1.2	0.6-2.3	117	12.5	1.7	0.7-3.9	1.1	0.3-4.9	1.1	0.2-5.0
Level of education	949	p = 0.047			p = 0.36		p = 0.38		468	p = 0.11			p = 0.86		p = 0.81
No formal schooling	403	44.4	1	-	1	-	1	-	222	8.0	1	-	1	-	1	-
Primary school	324	55.7	1.6	1.1-2.3	1.1	0.6-1.9	1.0	0.6-1.8	143	16.7	2.3	1.1-4.9	1.3	0.5-3.4	1.4	0.5-4.0
Secondary/university	223	52.0	1.4	0.9-2.0	1.5	0.8-2.8	1.5	0.8-2.7	103	12.1	1.6	0.7-3.8	1.3	0.3-5.2	1.3	0.3-5.7
Professional activity ⁷	676	p = 0.014							342	p = 0.15
Not working/retired	275	39.3	0.5	0.3-0.8	-	-	-	-	162	15.9	1.8	0.7-4.4	-	-	-	-
Employee/Worker	237	55.3	1	-	-	-	-	-	106	9.7	1	-	-	-	-	-
Intermediate level	99	55.5	1.0	0.6-1.6	-	-	-	-	45	3.4	0.3	0.1-1.8	-	-	-	-
Upper level	65	46.0	0.7	0.4-1.3	-	-	-	-	29	9.7	1.0	0.2-4.7	-	-	-	-

1- Model 0: unadjusted association.
2- Model 1: associations adjusted for demographic (age) and socio-economic factors (economic level of the household proxy, education of head of household and subject).
3- Model 2: associations adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors (same as model 1), familial history of diabetes and environmental factors (milieu and region).
4- Weighted % of T2D.
5- Odds-ratio of category to reference category.
6- Confidence interval (P = 0.95).
7- Professional activity not included in multivariate models due to high rate of missing data.

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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