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Table 3 Association of environmental and socio-demographic variables with type 2 diabetes, by gender (n = 6908)

From: Prevalence of diabetes in Northern African countries: the case of Tunisia

 

Men (n = 3013)

Women (n = 3895)

  

Crude associations

Adjusted associations

Adjusted associations

  

Crude associations

Adjusted associations

Adjusted associations

(Model 0)1

(Model 1)2

(Model 2)3

(Model 0)1

(Model 1)2

(Model 2)3

 

n

%4

OR5

C.I.6

OR5

C.I.6

OR5

C.I.6

n

%4

OR5

C.I.6

OR5

C.I.6

OR5

C.I.6

Environment

        

Area

3013

p < 0.001

p = 0.030

p = 0.11

3895

p < 0.001

p = 0.0067

p = 0.076

  Urban

1737

18.7

1.9

1.4-2.6

1.5

1.1-2.2

1.3

0.9-1.9

2187

16.5

1.9

1.5-2.5

1.7

1.2-2.4

1.4

1.0-1.9

  Rural

1276

10.6

1

-

1

-

1

-

1708

9.3

1

-

1

-

&

6

Region

3013

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

3895

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.0026

  Tunis

356

18.4

3.0

1.9-4.6

2.3

1.4-3.7

2.0

1.2-3.3

496

17.3

2.0

1.3-3.1

1.8

1.2-2.9

1.7

1.1-2.5

  North East

460

12.2

1.8

1.2-2.8

1.6

1.0-2.5

1.5

1.0-2.3

460

10.4

1.1

0.7-1.7

1.1

0.7-1.7

1.0

0.6-1.5

  North West

459

7.1

1

-

1

-

1

-

588

9.6

1

-

1

-

1

-

  Centre East

461

24.5

4.2

2.8-6.4

3.9

2.6-6.0

3.5

2.3-5.3

520

18.3

2.1

1.4-3.2

2.0

1.3-3.1

1.8

1.2-2.7

  Centre West

495

12.8

1.9

1.1-3.2

2.1

1.2-3.4

2.1

1.3-3.4

613

7.1

0.7

0.5-1.2

0.8

0.5-1.3

0.8

0.5-1.3

  South East

392

14.6

2.2

1.4-3.6

2.1

1.3-3.4

1.9

1.1-3.0

604

17.2

2.0

1.3-3.0

1.9

1.2-2.9

1.6

1.1-2.5

  South West

390

11.9

1.8

1.1-2.8

1.7

1.1-2.6

1.6

1.0-2.5

614

13.9

1.5

0.9-2.6

1.5

0.9-2.5

1.4

0.8-2.3

Familial factors

                

Family history T2D

3013

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

3895

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  Yes

667

26.3

2.5

2.0-3.1

2.5

1.9-3.1

2.4

1.8-3.0

964

22.3

2.3

1.9-2.9

2.7

2.1-3.4

2.6

2.1-3.3

  No

2346

12.5

1

-

1

-

1

-

2931

11.0

1

-

1

-

1

-

Demographic factors

                

Age (year)

3013

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

3895

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  35-39

540

9.2

1

-

1

-

1

-

709

5.1

1

-

1

-

1

-

  40-44

661

11.9

1.3

0.8-2.2

1.3

0.8-2.2

1.3

0.8-2.2

758

8.9

1.8

1.1-3.1

1.7

1.0-2.9

1.6

0.9-2.8

  45-49

560

17.1

2.0

1.3-3.3

2.1

1.3-3.3

2.2

1.4-3.5

724

12.0

2.5

1.6-4.1

2.3

1.4-3.8

2.2

1.4-3.7

  50-54

405

19.2

2.3

1.4-3.9

2.5

1.5-4.1

2.6

1.6-4.4

592

18.4

4.2

2.8-6.4

4.0

2.6-6.1

3.9

2.5-6.0

  55-59

287

20.7

2.6

1.5-4.4

2.8

1.6-4.8

2.8

1.6-4.9

415

23.0

5.6

3.4-9.1

5.1

3.0-8.9

5.3

3.1-9.1

  60-64

232

24.2

3.1

1.7-5.7

3.8

2.0-7.2

4.2

2.2-8.1

300

22.3

5.4

3.2-8.9

5.0

2.9-8.9

5.1

2.9-9.0

  65-70

328

22.0

2.8

1.6-4.7

3.6

2.1-6.3

3.8

2.1-6.7

397

26.4

6.7

4.0-11.1

6.6

3.9-11.4

6.6

3.8-11.4

Parity

        

3895

p < 0.001

p = 0.41

p = 0.30

  0-3

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

1213

11.0

1

-

1

-

1

-

  4-5

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

1197

13.3

1.2

0.9-1.6

0.9

0.7-1.3

1.1

0.8-1.4

  6+

-

 

-

-

-

-

-

-

1485

18.3

1.8

1.4-2.4

1.1

0.8-1.6

1.3

0.9-1.8

Socio-economic factors

                

Economic level of the household proxy

3013

p < 0.001

p = 0.0024

p = 0.32

3895

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p = 0.23

1st quintile

679

10.5

1

-

1

-

1

-

976

8.5

1

-

1

-

1

-

2nd quintile

654

12.3

1.2

0.8-1.8

1.2

0.8-1.8

1.0

0.7-1.6

957

13.1

1.6

1.2-2.3

1.7

1.2-2.4

1.3

0.9-1.8

3rd quintile

602

16.1

1.6

1.1-2.5

1.6

1.0-2.6

1.4

0.9-2.3

812

17.2

2.2

1.6-3.2

2.3

1.6-3.3

1.5

1.0-2.3

4th quintile

598

17.5

1.8

1.2-2.8

2.0

1.2-3.0

1.4

0.9-2.3

646

16.2

2.1

1.5-2.9

2.2

1.5-3.2

1.3

0.9-2.1

5th quintile

480

22.2

2.4

1.6-3.7

2.5

1.5-4.1

1.7

1.0-3.0

504

15.5

2.0

1.3-3.0

3.2

1.8-5.6

1.9

1.0-3.5

Level of education of head of household

3013

p = 0.20

p = 0.73

p = 0.74

3895

p < 0.001

p = 0.094

p = 0.073

No formal schooling

839

14.7

1

-

1

-

1

-

1708

17.0

1

-

1

-

1

-

Primary school

1258

14.6

1.0

0.6-1.4

1.0

0.6-1.6

0.9

0.5-1.5

1414

12.8

0.7

0.6-0.9

0.8

0.6-1.1

0.8

0.6-1.0

Secondary

678

17.7

1.3

0.9-1.8

0.8

0.5-1.5

0.8

0.4-1.6

586

13.9

0.8

0.6-1.1

0.8

0.5-1.3

0.8

0.5-1.3

University

238

20.4

1.5

0.9-2.4

1.7

0.3-9.2

1.6

0.3-10.0

187

5.9

0.3

0.2-0.6

0.4

0.2-0.8

0.4

0.2-0.8

Level of education

3013

p = 0.15

p = 0.32

p = 0.59

3895

p = 0.013

p = 0.019

p = 0.086

No formal schooling

745

14.7

1

-

1

-

1

-

2253

14.9

1

-

1

-

1

-

Primary school

1214

14.2

1.0

0.7-1.3

1.3

0.7-2.3

1.1

0.6-2.0

1146

15.3

1.0

0.8-1.3

1.6

1.1-2.2

1.3

0.9-1.9

Secondary

802

18.0

1.3

0.9-1.8

1.6

0.8-3.0

1.2

0.6-2.5

411

11.2

0.7

0.5-1.1

1.1

0.7-1.8

0.9

0.5-1.5

University

252

19.4

1.4

0.9-2.3

0.7

0.1-4.1

0.5

0.1-3.5

85

4.2

0.2

0.1-0.7

0.6

0.2-2.4

0.5

0.1-1.9

Professional activity 7

2597

p = 0.0022

    

2573

p = 0.45

    

Not working/retired

87

17.2

1.3

0.6-2.8

-

-

-

-

2044

13.5

1.2

0.8-1.9

-

-

-

-

Employee/Worker

1662

13.8

1

-

-

-

-

-

313

11.4

1

-

-

-

-

-

Intermediate level

428

22.5

1.8

1.3-2.5

-

-

-

-

150

12.8

1.1

0.6-2.3

-

-

-

-

Upper level

420

14.3

1.0

0.7-1.6

-

-

-

-

66

7.2

0.6

0.2-1.8

-

-

-

-

  1. 1- Model 0: unadjusted association.
  2. 2- Model 1: associations adjusted for demographic (age, parity if women) and socio-economic factors (economic level of the household proxy, education of head of household and subject).
  3. 3- Model 2: associations adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors (same as model 1), familial history of T2D and environmental factors (milieu and region).
  4. 4- Weighted % of T2D.
  5. 5- Odds-ratio of category to reference category.
  6. 6- Confidence interval (P = 0.95).
  7. 7- Professionnal activity not included in multivariate models due to high rate of missing data.
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