How immigrants adapt their smoking behaviour: comparative analysis among Turkish immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (18–64 years) in the Netherlands and Germany

	The Netherlands (1997–2004)			Germany (2009)
Variable	Item	n	%	Item	n	%
Age (in years)	18-29	675	32.05	18-29	853	13.09
	30-44	998	47.39	30-44	3179	48.78
	45-64	433	20.56	45-64	485	38.13
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00
	Mean: 35.86 (SD: 10.73)			Mean: 42.00 (SD: 11.00)
Sex	Men	1122	53.28	Men	3287	50.44
	Women	984	46.72	Women	3230	49.56
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00
Immigration year to host country ¹				2000-2009	728	11.17
	1980 and later	1081	51.33	1980-1999	2993	45.93
	1979 and earlier	986	46.82	1979 and earlier	2556	39.22
	Missing	39	1.85	Missing	240	3.68
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00
	Mean length of stay: 18.25 (SD: 8.34)			Mean length of stay: 24.30 (SD: 10.94)
Length of stay in Turkey (in years)	0-17	1006	47.77	0-17	2822	43.30
	18 and longer	1061	50.38	18 and longer	3455	53.02
	Missing	39	1.85	Missing	240	3.68
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00
	Mean: 17.62 (SD: 9.27)			Mean: 18.14 (SD: 9.25)
Education ²				ISCED 1 (low)	2188	33.57
				ISCED 2 (low)	2256	34.62
	Low	1197	56.84	ISCED 3/4 (high)	1703	26.13
	High	587	27.87	ISCED 5/6 (high)	342	5.25
	Not coded³ or missing	322	15.29	Missing	28	0.43
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00
Occupation	Existent	1043	49.53	Existent	3457	53.05
	Non-existent	1063	50.47	Non-existent	3060	46.95
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00
Net income per month ⁴				Low (<900€)	2115	32.45
				Middle (900€ until <2000€)	2063	31.66
	Existent	1298	61.63	High (2000€ +)	730	11.20
	Non-existent	350	16.62	Non-existent	1198	18.38
	Not coded³ or missing	458	21.75	Missing	411	6.31
	Total	2106	100.00	Total	6517	100.00

¹Only two categories for the Dutch data as number of cases between 2000 and 2004 was only n = 26.
²Country-specific classification of education in the Netherlands (‘low’ means only compulsory education) compared to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) in Germany; ISCED levels 1 + 2 are referred to as ‘low education’, levels 3 to 6 are referred to as ‘high education’.
³In the Dutch survey from 1998 some information were not coded in the dataset for the stated number of participants in the table; missing information could not be retrieved.
⁴Income refers to all possible sources of income, not only to salary.

ISSN: 1471-2458