Study | Design & quality Appraisal 1 | Setting & participants | Study aim | Intervention 2 | Inequality 3 | Summary results 4 ↑ = increase ↓ = decrease ↔ = no change | Impact on inequalities in obesity 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level interventions | ||||||||
Taveras et al 2011 [32] | Cluster RCT; 1 year follow-up; Final sample = 445; Quality = Moderate | 10 primary care paediatric centres, USA; 2-6 years; 48% girls; Obese and high risk of obese | Reduction of BMI in obese and risk of obese children | Nutrition and physical activity intervention; Treatment: Weight management programme (High Five for Kids) – diet and physical activity education and counselling, and behavioural cognitive therapy | Universal: results analysed by household income | BMI (low income) | ↓ | + |
BMI (high income) | ↔ | |||||||
Wake et al 2009 [33] | RCT; 12 month follow-up; Final sample = 245; Quality = Moderate | 45 family medical practices, Australia; 5-10 years; 61% girls; Overweight or mildly obese | Reduce BMI gain in overweight or mildly obese children | Nutrition and physical activity intervention; Treatment: Primary care obesity management programme (LEAP2) – screening for overweight/obesity followed by GP administered counselling (diet and physical activity) | Universal: SES did not modify any intervention effect | BMI | ↔ | 0 |
Waist circumference | ↔ | |||||||
Prevalence overweight/ obese | ↔ | |||||||
Epstein et al 2008 [34] | RCT; 24 month follow-up; Final sample = 67; Quality = Moderate | Participant’s homes, USA; 4-7 years; ≥75th percentile (at risk of overweight/ overweight/obese) | Reduction of obesity-related sedentary behaviours in children at risk of obesity | Physical activity intervention; Treatment/Prevention: Intervention to reduce TV viewing and computer use – duration of use regulated; monetary incentives for reduced use; and newsletters containing information and advice | Universal: intervention effect compared between low SES and high SES groups | BMI z score (low SES) | ↓ | + |
BMI z score (high SES) | ↔ | |||||||
Black et al 2010 [35] | RCT; 24 month follow-up; Final sample = 179; Quality = Moderate | Homes and community sites (e.g. parks and convenience stores), USA; 11-16 years; 49% girls | Health promotion and prevention of obesity | Nutrition and physical activity intervention; Prevention: Mentor-based health promotion and obesity prevention programme (Challenge!) – Session with mentors including food preparation, exercise; goal setting, progress discussions, and provision of information and recipes. Rap music video promoting healthy eating and physical activity | Targeted: low-income communities | Prevalence overweight/ obese | ↓ | + |
BMI z score | ↔ | |||||||
Ideal weight: | Â | |||||||
% body fat | ↔ | |||||||
Fat mass | ↔ | |||||||
Fat-free mass | ↔ | |||||||
Obese/overweight: | Â | |||||||
% body fat | ↓ | |||||||
Fat mass | ↓ | |||||||
Fat-free mass | ↑ |