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Table 1 Summary details of individual level studies included in the review

From: A systematic review of the effectiveness of individual, community and societal level interventions at reducing socioeconomic inequalities in obesity amongst children

Study

Design & quality Appraisal 1

Setting & participants

Study aim

Intervention 2

Inequality 3

Summary results 4 ↑ = increase ↓ = decrease ↔ = no change

Impact on inequalities in obesity 5

Individual level interventions

Taveras et al 2011 [32]

Cluster RCT; 1 year follow-up; Final sample = 445; Quality = Moderate

10 primary care paediatric centres, USA; 2-6 years; 48% girls; Obese and high risk of obese

Reduction of BMI in obese and risk of obese children

Nutrition and physical activity intervention; Treatment: Weight management programme (High Five for Kids) – diet and physical activity education and counselling, and behavioural cognitive therapy

Universal: results analysed by household income

BMI (low income)

↓

+

BMI (high income)

↔

Wake et al 2009 [33]

RCT; 12 month follow-up; Final sample = 245; Quality = Moderate

45 family medical practices, Australia; 5-10 years; 61% girls; Overweight or mildly obese

Reduce BMI gain in overweight or mildly obese children

Nutrition and physical activity intervention; Treatment: Primary care obesity management programme (LEAP2) – screening for overweight/obesity followed by GP administered counselling (diet and physical activity)

Universal: SES did not modify any intervention effect

BMI

↔

0

Waist circumference

↔

Prevalence overweight/ obese

↔

Epstein et al 2008 [34]

RCT; 24 month follow-up; Final sample = 67; Quality = Moderate

Participant’s homes, USA; 4-7 years; ≥75th percentile (at risk of overweight/ overweight/obese)

Reduction of obesity-related sedentary behaviours in children at risk of obesity

Physical activity intervention; Treatment/Prevention: Intervention to reduce TV viewing and computer use – duration of use regulated; monetary incentives for reduced use; and newsletters containing information and advice

Universal: intervention effect compared between low SES and high SES groups

BMI z score (low SES)

↓

+

BMI z score (high SES)

↔

Black et al 2010 [35]

RCT; 24 month follow-up; Final sample = 179; Quality = Moderate

Homes and community sites (e.g. parks and convenience stores), USA; 11-16 years; 49% girls

Health promotion and prevention of obesity

Nutrition and physical activity intervention; Prevention: Mentor-based health promotion and obesity prevention programme (Challenge!) – Session with mentors including food preparation, exercise; goal setting, progress discussions, and provision of information and recipes. Rap music video promoting healthy eating and physical activity

Targeted: low-income communities

Prevalence overweight/ obese

↓

+

BMI z score

↔

Ideal weight:

 

% body fat

↔

Fat mass

↔

Fat-free mass

↔

Obese/overweight:

 

% body fat

↓

Fat mass

↓

Fat-free mass

↑

  1. 1Global Quality appraisal from EPHPP (16); 2Prevention or treatment intervention; 3Targeted/Universal approach to inequality; 4p < 0.05.This is the relative mean differences between intervention and control at follow-up; 5+ positive intervention effect so it reduces obesity-related outcomes in low SES groups or reduces the SES gradient in obesity-related outcomes, 0 no intervention effect or no effect on SES gradient in obesity-related outcomes; SES = Socioeconomic status; BMI = Body mass index.