Age group and country‡
| W/A Z-score¶
| H/A Z-score*
| BMI/A Z-score#
|
|---|
| | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls |
|---|
6-year-olds§
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
P < 0.01
|
P < 0.05
|
P < 0.01
|
BEL | - 0.02° | - 0.01 | + 0.01 | 0 | - 0.04°°°° | - 0.02° |
SVN | - 0.06 | - 0.05 | + 0.05 | + 0.10°° | - 0.14°° | - 0.13°°° |
7-year-olds§
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
P < 0.001
|
P < 0.05
|
BEL | + 0.02 | - 0.02 | + 0.03 | - 0.01 | 0 | - 0.03 |
CZE | + 0.06 | + 0.09 | - 0.02 | 0 | + 0.09 | + 0.14° |
IRL | - 0.03 | - 0.04 | + 0.01 | + 0.03 | - 0.05 | - 0.07 |
LVA | + 0.02 | 0 | + 0.03 | - 0.05 | - 0.01 | + 0.02 |
LTU | + 0.02 | - 0.01 | + 0.07° | 0 | - 0.05 | - 0.02 |
PRT | - 0.09 | + 0.02 | + 0.10° | + 0.05 | - 0.21°°° | - 0.01 |
SVN | - 0.09°° | - 0.07° | 0 | + 0.01 | - 0.14°°° | - 0.10°° |
8-year-olds§
|
P = 0.0001
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
P < 0.0001
|
P < 0.05
|
BEL | - 0.01 | 0 | 0 | + 0.01 | - 0.02 | - 0.01 |
ITA | - 0.11°°° | - 0.02 | + 0.02 | + 0.05° | - 0.16°°°° | - 0.05° |
NOR | + 0.10° | + 0.08 | - 0.03 | 0 | + 0.14°° | + 0.11°° |
SVN | + 0.01 | - 0.01 | - 0.01 | - 0.04 | + 0.01 | 0 |
9-year-olds§
|
P < 0.05
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
P < 0.01
|
NS
|
BEL | 0 | - 0.01 | 0 | + 0.03° | - 0.01 | - 0.03 |
ITA | - 0.09° | - 0.06 | + 0.02 | + 0.03 | - 0.13°°° | - 0.09° |
-
Abbreviations: ANOVA analysis of variance, BMI body mass index, COSI Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, BMI/A BMI-for-age, H/A height-for-age, NS not significantl, W/A weight-for-age.
-
‡The country codes refer to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3166–1 Alpha-3 country codes and countries were listed in alphabetical order by their full names: BEL, Belgium (Flanders); CZE, Czech Republic; IRL, Ireland; ITA, Italy; LVA, Latvia; LTU, Lithuania; NOR, Norway; PRT, Portugal (all regions except Madeira); SVN, Slovenia.
-
¶Body weight was adjusted for clothes worn when measured and children with a W/A Z-score < −6 or > +5 were excluded.
-
*Children with a H/A Z-score < −6 or > +6 were excluded.
-
#Body weight was adjusted for clothes worn when measured and children with a BMI/A Z-score < −5 or > +5 were excluded.
-
§Significance level of the two-way ANOVA to assess the interaction effect of country and round on the change in mean values for the indicated age-sex group.
- °Statistically significant difference of mean values between the two rounds for the indicated age-sex group (unpaired t-test (equal variance) or unpaired Welch’s t-test (unequal variance); P < 0.05).
- °°Statistically significant difference of mean values between the two rounds for the indicated age-sex group (unpaired t-test (equal variance) or unpaired Welch’s t-test (unequal variance); P < 0.01).
- °°°Statistically significant difference of mean values between the two rounds for the indicated age-sex group (unpaired t-test (equal variance) or unpaired Welch’s t-test (unequal variance); P ≤ 0.001).
- °°°°Statistically significant difference of mean values between the two rounds for the indicated age-sex group (unpaired t-test (equal variance) or unpaired Welch’s t-test (unequal variance); P < 0.0001).
