Parental chronic pain in relation to chronic pain in their adult offspring: family-linkage within the HUNT Study, Norway

Table 2 Odds ratios for offspring chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) associated with any maternal or paternal CMP

	Any maternal CMP		Any paternal CMP		P-value
	No	Yes	No	Yes	Difference^c
Daughters
All parents
Cases/non-cases	1 110/1 599	1 834/1 684	1 315/1 685	1 629/1 598
Age-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.0	1.6 (1.4 to 1.7)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.4)	0.003
Multivariably-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.0	1.4 (1.2 to 1.5)	1.0	1.2 (1.1 to 1.3)	0.080
Both parents ≤65 years
Cases/non-cases	631/1 193	995/1 151	699/1 206	927/1 138
Age-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.0	1.6 (1.4 to 1.8)	1.0	1.3 (1.2 to 1.5)	0.044
Multivariably-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.0	1.4 (1.2 to 1.6)	1.0	1.2 (1.1 to 1.4)	0.138
Both parents >65 years
Cases/non-cases	349/272	547/320	398/315	598/277
Age-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)	1.0	1.4 (1.2 to 1.7)	0.629
Multivariably-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.0 to 1.6)	1.0	1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)	0.612
Sons
All parents
Cases/non-cases	736/1 370	1 166/1 582	868/1 529	1 034/1 423
Age-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.2 to 1.5)	1.0	1.2 (1.1 to 1.4)	0.355
Multivariably-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.5)	1.0	1.2 (1.1 to 1.4)	0.542
Both parents ≤65 years
Cases/non-cases	367/852	576/956	402/938	541/870
Age-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)	1.0	1.4 (1.2 to 1.6)	0.792
Multivariably-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.5)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)	0.756
Both parents >65 years
Cases/non-cases	261/364	401/402	321/415	341/351
Age-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)	1.0	1.2 (0.9 to 1.5)	0.510
Multivariably-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.0	1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)	1.0	1.3 (1.0 to 1.6)	0.587

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
^aAdjusted for parental age (continuous) in HUNT2, and mutually adjusted for maternal and paternal CMP.
^bAdjusted for factors in ^a and parental factors in HUNT2; body mass index ([kg/m²] continuous), leisure time physical activity (inactive, low, moderate, high, unknown), psychological well-being (satisfied, somewhat satisfied, dissatisfied, unknown), and education (<10 years, 10–12 years, ≥13 years, unknown).
^cP-value for the estimated difference between mother-offspring and father-offspring associations.

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