Table 1 Warning statements by primary characteristics
From: Developing cancer warning statements for alcoholic beverages
Statement | Message frame | Numerical evidence | Fear appeal* | Specificity of cancer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Warning: alcohol harms your health | Negative | Â | Â | Â |
Warning: alcohol increases your risk of cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | General |
Alcohol causes cancer: reduce your intake to reduce your risk | Positive | Â | Â | General |
Reduce your drinking to reduce your risk of cancer | Positive | Â | Â | General |
Alcohol increases your risk of bowel cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | Specific |
Alcohol increases your risk of breast cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | Specific |
Alcohol increases your risk of breast, bowel, throat, and mouth cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | Specific |
Alcohol increases your risk of cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | General |
Alcohol can cause breast cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | Specific |
Alcohol can cause bowel cancer | Negative | Â | Yes | Specific |
Alcohol causes around 5000 new cases of cancer each year | Negative | Yes | Â | General |
Alcohol causes 1 in 20 cancer deaths | Negative | Yes | Â | General |