Table 3 The factors from all studies coded on the two-level classifications of ICF

Functions & structures

b1 Mental functions

b114

36 ^-, 37 ^-

b126

Adaptability

34 ⁺, 39 ⁺

Optimistic

55

Perseverance/persistence

28 ⁺, 29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺ 36 ⁺, 42⁺

46 ⁺, 57⁺

Personal characteristics

47

Uncertain/insecure

28 ^-, 29 ^-

b140

30 ^-, 34 ^-, 36 ^-

b144

31 ^-, 34 ⁺, 36 ^- 37 ^-, 43^-

56^-

Remembering instructions

42

Remembering names

42

b152

Amount of passion

39

Anxiety

28 ^-, 37 ^-, 40 ^-

Aggressive feelings

28

Concern for patient safety

56

Confusion/anger

29 ^-, 30 ^-, 32 ^-, 37 ^-, 42^-

Depression

37

Discouragement

32

Emotional problems

28

Fear of being stigmatized

40 ^-, 42^-, 43^-

Fear of exposure

37 ^-, 43^-

Fear of failure

28 ^-

56^-

Feelings of accomplishment

43^-

49 ⁺

Feeling of being different

28 ^-, 37 ^-, 43^-

Feeling of inadequacy

34 ^-, 42^-

Feeling of presenting a false impression (impostor phenomenon)

37

Frustration

28 ^-, 30 ^-, 32 ^- 37 ^-

Guilt/embarrassment

34 ^-, 37 ^-

55^-, 56^-

Inferiority feelings

28 ^-, 31 ^-, 37 ^-

56^-

Sense of strength

29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

Shame

34 ^-, 37 ^- , 43^-

b156

29 ⁺, 37 ⁺

b160

29 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 35 ^-, 36 ⁺

56⁺

b164

Executive functions

35

Holistic/visual thinking

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

Increased creativity

29 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺

Information processing

49 ^-, 57^-

Organization and planning

29 ^-, 31 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ^-, 39 ^-

49 ⁺, 56^-, 57^-

Thinking outside the box

29

b167

Word retrieval

37

b180

Bothered by being different

36

Depersonalize LD

36

Disability self-awareness

30 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺

Labeling LD as a kind of self-mockery

39

Negative self-perceptions

30 ^-, 34 ^-, 37 ^-

Not seeing themselves as having a disability

30 ⁺, 40 ⁺

Self-conscious

40

Activities (d1- d6) and participation (d7- d9)

d1 Learning and applying knowledge

d115

36

d155

Analytical skills

36 ⁺

57^-

Developing coping strategies

40

Developing different learning styles

42

Learning a new skill

42°, 44⁺

Learning operating instrument names

42

Practical skills

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

d160

31 ⁺, 37 ⁺

d166

28 ^-, 29 ^-, 30 ^-, 31 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 37 ^-, 40 ^-, 42^-, 43^-

45°, 54°, 55^-, 56^-, 57^-, 60^-

d170

28 ^-, 29 ^-, 30 ^-, 31 ^-, 34 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 39 ^-, 40 ^-, 42^-, 43^-

49 ^-, 54^-, 55^-, 56^-, 57^-, 60^-

Writing reports to work

33 ^-, 41^-, 42^-

d172

36 ⁺, 42^-, 43^-

56^-, 60^-

d175

31 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺

57⁺

d2 General tasks and demands

d210

37

d220

Correcting mistakes

52

Gathering information

36°

56^-

Giving lectures/presentations/training sessions

31 ⁺, 35 ^-, 42^-

Meetings

42^-

56^-

Representing a group

42

d230

28 ^±, 36 ^±, 37 ^±, 40 ^±, 42^-, 43^±

d240

36

Handling responsibilities

28

d3 Communication

d310

30 ^-, 36 ^±

d315

Receiving body gestures

35

d325

30 ^-, 36 ^-, 37 ^-

49 ^-, 57^-

d330

28 ^-, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ^±

56^-

Speaking in public

56

d335

Using drawings

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

d345

Completing a literacy exercise

40

Filling in application forms

30 ^-, 40 ^-, 42^-

60^-

Keeping records

42⁺

56^-

Note taking

30 ^-, 36 ⁺, 42^-

Taking telephone messages

42

d355

Discussing (LD with employer/problems with colleagues)

30 ^-, 31 ⁺, 34°, 35 ⁺

d 360

Dialing a phone

36

Multitasking (on a computer)

36

Using computer software/skills

28 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 40 ⁺

57^-

d6 Domestic life

d660

Helping students

31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺

Motivate students

31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺

Validate students feelings

31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺

d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships

d710

32

Using social skills

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

46 ⁺

d720

Forming relationships

28 ^-, 36 ^-

d740

Relationships with clients

41

d8 Major life areas

d845

Ability to maintain the career

29 ^-, 40 ^-

56^-

Demotion or dismissal

37 ^-, 40 ^-, 43^-

56^-

Meeting their goals

32 ⁺, 42⁺

Occupation choice

42^-

46°, 53^-, 56^-, 58^-, 59^-

Securing his current position

29 ^-, 34 ⁺, 40 ^-

46 ^-, 49°, 57^-

Seeking employment

40

Skills for performing the job

43

Survive within the workplace

40

Terminating a job

34 ^-, 43^-

Working much harder

28 ^-, 31 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-

d850

Achievement/accomplishment

28 ^-, 29 ^±, 31 ^- 42^±, 43^-

Continuous changing of employment

40

Employment roles

40

Employment in unskilled/semiskilled occupations

28 ^-, 40 ^-

50 ^-, 60⁺

Employment in white-collar/blue-collar jobs

45°, 52 ⁺, 53⁺, 55⁺

Enabled to excel

36

Having a job/being employed

28 ⁺

47 ⁺, 51 ⁺, 55⁺

Having more jobs

47

Job history

28

Job at the level of their training or higher

28 ⁺, 36 ⁺

Job performance

33 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 43^-

Limited employment opportunities

43^-

47 ^-, 55^-

Part-time employment

28 ⁺, 29 ⁺

55^-

Permanently employed

55⁺, 60^-

Quality of products and processes

41

Unemployed

28 ^-, 40 ^-

48 ^-, 52 ^-, 59^-

Workforce abilities

47

Work-related environmental factors: terms of employment

Access to degree courses

42^-

56⁺

Attendance

33

Change in job description/title

34

Current (annual) salary

46°, 49 ⁺ °, 51 ^-, 52 ^-, 59°

Extra study leave

42

Extra time

34 ⁺

56⁺, 57⁺

Flexible schedule

33 ⁺, 41⁺

Incentives and bonuses

34

Income derived from employment

59

On-the-job training agreement

31 ⁺, 33 ⁺

Promotion/Job advancement

30 ⁺, 33 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 42⁺

51 ^-

Tenure used as productivity signal

30 ⁺

47 ⁺

Tenure with current employer

30 ⁺

47 ⁺

Wage -gap (with non-LD)

47 ^-, 51°, 52 ⁺

Wage increase/decrease

33 ⁺, 34 ⁺

47 ⁺

Working from home

41

Working at off hours late in the day or night

36 ⁺, 41⁺, 42^-

46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 50 ⁺ 56⁺, 57⁺

Work-related environmental factors: social relationships at work

e3 Support and relationships

e315/e320

Support from family/friends

28 ⁺, 29 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 33 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 39 ⁺

55⁺

e325

Being loners/isolated in the job

37

Control/check by others

28 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺, 42⁺

56⁺

Encouragement

56

Help from colleagues/co-worker assistance

28 ⁺, 30 ^-, 31 ⁺ 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 37 ⁺, 41⁺, 42⁺

46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 56⁺

Joint goal planning

44

Joint working

35 ⁺, 44⁺

Peer pressure

36

Performance feedback

37

Secretary dependent

36

Social relationships with co-workers (trust)

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 37 ^-

56⁺, 57^±

Support in the workplace

29 ⁺, 30 ^-, 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺ , 42⁺

56⁺

Workforce morale

42

e330

Employer assistance-support

30 ^-, 34 ⁺, 38 ⁺, 42^-

47 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 56⁺, 57⁺

Role of employer-supervisor

30 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 37 ⁺

51 ^-, 57°

Support of rehabilitation staff

33

e4 Attitudes

e425

Appreciation of/consideration to mental disabilities

41

Attitudinal barriers

41^-, 42^-

Awareness/detection of the disability

34 ^-, 36°, 40 ^-, 41⁺, 42^-

Discrimination

40 ^-, 41^-, 43^-

47 ^-

Interest in, acceptance / understanding of dyslexia

28 ^-, 34 ^-, 41^-, 42^-, 43^-

56^-, 57^-

Labeling people with LD as lazy, slow, dumb or stupid

22 ^-, 39 ^-, 41^-, 42^-

LD makes me important

34

LD as a tool to address misconceptions about LD

32 ⁺

57⁺

Reactions of co-workers

28°, 31 ^- 32 ⁺, 34 ^±, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 39°, 40 ^-, 41^-, 42^-, 43^-

56^±

Stigmatization by colleagues

40 ^- , 42^-, 43^-

e430

Acceptance of dyslexia by employer

34 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 43⁺

56^-

Detection/awareness of the disability

34 ^-, 36 ^-, 40 ^-, 41^-, 42^-

47°

Employer attitudes and knowledge

30 ⁺, 38 ^-, 42^-

High expectations of people with LD

32 ⁺, 43^-

Judgment of work on disability

28

Negative responses from employer

31 ^-, 34 ^-, 40 ^-

Stigmatization by employer

40

Work-related environmental factors: task content

Benefits of current position

33

Challenging students to achieve their potential

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

Control over their work

31 ⁺, 36 ⁺,

Demands involving reading or writing

53^-, 55^-, 58^-

Demands of the job

33 ^-, 37 ^-

46 ⁺

Finding a niche

29 ⁺, 36 ⁺

Increase of independence

36

Job level

28

More responsibility

31 ⁺, 30 ⁺, 33 ⁺, 34 ⁺

Much information in a constant stream

56

Multitasking is required

56

Prioritizing tasks

46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 57⁺

Productivity demands

33

Self-regulation

46 ⁺, 49 ⁺

Taking work home

41⁺, 42^-

Working under pressure

42

Workload, pressure, more stress

29 ^-, 34 ^-, 41^-, 42^-, 43⁺

56^-

To work by myself

30 ⁺, 37 ⁺

Work-related environmental factors: working conditions

e125

Assistive technology (like a dictaphone, internet, navigation software, watch, microcassette)

32 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 40 ⁺, 42⁺, 43⁺

46 ⁺, 57⁺

Clear signs

42

Computer spelling and grammar programs

28 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 42⁺

56⁺

Simple words and pictures

42

Technology interferes with work/Experiment with technology

36

Visual aids

31

Voice-mail

36

e135

Accommodations on the job

29 ^-, 30 ^-, 32 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 38 ^-, 40 ^- , 42⁺, 43^-, 44

46 ⁺, 49 ^-, 57⁺°

e1650

Budget for an assistant

28 ⁺, 34 ⁺

Money

40 ^-, 41^-

Accessibility of the office environment

41

Changing/improving the work environment

42

Finding a quiet/personal work environment

35 ⁺

46 ⁺

Hearing the words spoken aloud

36

A mentor

33 ⁺, 34 ⁺

Time

31 ^-, 34 ⁺, 35 ^-, 37 ^-, 41^-, 42^-

Using proofreaders

35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 43⁺

46 ⁺, 57⁺

Other work-related environmental factors

Centrality of LD in his career

39

Critical knowledge and experiences on LD of employers

38

Disabling barriers

40

Information about (the impact of) dyslexia for employers

30 ^-, 38 ^-

Job shadows

33

Job visits

33

School-to-work program

33

Training sessions regarding disability

41

Vocational rehabilitation

33

Work-related injury risk

50

Other environmental factors

e550

Certifying disability

41

Disability Discrimination Act

41

Diversity agenda

41

Equality issues

41

Knowledge of the ADA

30

Legislation on adults with LD

34 ⁺, 41⁺

e570

Income from government benefits/resources

59

Personal factors

---

Age

45°, 46°, 49°, 52°, 60°

Gender

45 ⁺, 46°, 47 ^- 48 ^-, 49°, 50 ⁺, 52°. 54°, 60°

Language

54

Socio-economic status

39 ⁺, 40 ^-

48 ⁺

Standard/level of education

41°

45°, 48 ⁺, 59⁺, 60⁺

---

Aggravation

30

Common sense

56

Confidence

42⁺

56⁺

Creative

31 ⁺, 37 ⁺

56⁺

Demoralized

40

Desire to help others

31 ⁺, 37 ⁺

Detail oriented

36

Diligent

56

Empathic

31 ⁺

56⁺, 57⁺

Humorous

35 ⁺

56⁺

Innovative

31 ⁺, 37 ⁺

Learning/Coping strategies:

28 ⁺, 29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 37 ⁺, 40 ⁺, 41⁺, 42⁺

46 ⁺, 47 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 56⁺

43

42

39

36

28 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ⁺

35

42

39

28 ^-, 40 ^-

36 ⁺, 39 ⁺, 43⁺

47 ⁺

42

31

29 ^-, 39 ^-

40

28

31

35 ⁺, 42⁺

35

35 ^-, 37 ^-, 40 ^-

42

35

56

35 ⁺, 36 ⁺

35

28

28

42

29

35

42

42

42

28

28

35

42

35

42

Literacy level

40 ^-

54⁺, 59⁺, 60⁺

Openness

28 ^±, 30 ^-, 31 ⁺, 42^-, 43^-

Patience

36

Personal problems

28

Pride

29

Satisfaction with life

28

Secretive

43

Sensitive to emotional experiences of others

29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺

Self-advocacy

30 ^±, 38 ⁺, 44⁺

Self-control

28

Self-disclosure

30 ^-, 32 ⁺, 34 ⁺,35 ⁺, 37°, 38 ^-, 39°, 40 ^-, 43

46 ^-, 49 ^0-, 56⁺, 57

Self-efficacy

35 ⁺

46 ⁺, 49 ⁺

Self-empowerment

39

Self-esteem

29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 39 ⁺, 42⁺

48 ⁺

Self-promotion

30

Self-reliant

36

Self-sufficient

36

Social person

36

Stress avoidance

28

Stress-experience/being stressed

28 ^-, 29 ^-, 34 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 37 ^-, 42^-

Stubborn

57

Tolerant

56

Visual

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺

---

Accepting the LD/dyslexia

28

Experiences with LD/dyslexia

29 ^-, 37 ^-

Impact of the LD/dyslexia

28 ^-, 36 ^-, 37°, 40°, 41^-, 42^-, 43^-

46 ^-, 49 ^0-, 55^-, 56^-. 57^-

Locus of control

48

Management of the LD/dyslexia

40

---

Collaborative/co-operative

31

Commitment

33

Compliance

38

Determination

31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 42⁺

56⁺

Focus

33

Force of will

39

Goal driven

33

Independence

29 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 36 ⁺

49 ⁺

Job/career satisfaction

28 ⁰⁺, 36 ⁺, 43⁺

46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 51 ^-

Prestige aspirations

31 ⁺

48 ⁺

Proactive

31 ⁺

Productivity/worker characteristics

47

Successful

29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 41⁺

Tenacity

34

Underchallenged

29

Work ethic

29