Factors influencing work participation of adults with developmental dyslexia: a systematic review

Joost de Beer; Josephine Engels; Yvonne Heerkens; Jac van der Klink

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-77

BMC Public Health

Table 3 The factors from all studies coded on the two-level classifications of ICF

From: Factors influencing work participation of adults with developmental dyslexia: a systematic review

2^ndlevel ICF		Factors		Qualitative studies	Quantitative studies
Functions & structures
b1 Mental functions
b114	Orientation functions			36 ^-, 37 ^-
b126	Temperament and personality functions	Adaptability		34 ⁺, 39 ⁺
		Optimistic			55
		Perseverance/persistence		28 ⁺, 29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺ 36 ⁺, 42⁺	46 ⁺, 57⁺
		Personal characteristics			47
		Uncertain/insecure		28 ^-, 29 ^-
b140	Attention functions			30 ^-, 34 ^-, 36 ^-
b144	Memory functions			31 ^-, 34 ⁺, 36 ^- 37 ^-, 43^-	56^-
		Remembering instructions		42
		Remembering names		42
b152	Emotional functions	Amount of passion		39
		Anxiety		28 ^-, 37 ^-, 40 ^-
		Aggressive feelings		28
		Concern for patient safety			56
		Confusion/anger		29 ^-, 30 ^-, 32 ^-, 37 ^-, 42^-
		Depression		37
		Discouragement		32
		Emotional problems		28
		Fear of being stigmatized		40 ^-, 42^-, 43^-
		Fear of exposure		37 ^-, 43^-
		Fear of failure		28 ^-	56^-
		Feelings of accomplishment		43^-	49 ⁺
		Feeling of being different		28 ^-, 37 ^-, 43^-
		Feeling of inadequacy		34 ^-, 42^-
		Feeling of presenting a false impression (impostor phenomenon)		37
		Frustration		28 ^-, 30 ^-, 32 ^- 37 ^-
		Guilt/embarrassment		34 ^-, 37 ^-	55^-, 56^-
		Inferiority feelings		28 ^-, 31 ^-, 37 ^-	56^-
		Sense of strength		29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺
		Shame		34 ^-, 37 ^- , 43^-
b156	Perception			29 ⁺, 37 ⁺
b160	Thought functions			29 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 35 ^-, 36 ⁺	56⁺
b164	Higher-level cognitive functions	Executive functions		35
		Holistic/visual thinking		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺
		Increased creativity		29 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺
		Information processing			49 ^-, 57^-
		Organization and planning		29 ^-, 31 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ^-, 39 ^-	49 ⁺, 56^-, 57^-
		Thinking outside the box		29
b167	Mental functions of language	Word retrieval		37
b180	Experience of self and time functions	Bothered by being different		36
		Depersonalize LD		36
		Disability self-awareness		30 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺
		Labeling LD as a kind of self-mockery		39
		Negative self-perceptions		30 ^-, 34 ^-, 37 ^-
		Not seeing themselves as having a disability		30 ⁺, 40 ⁺
		Self-conscious		40
Activities (d1- d6) and participation (d7- d9)
d1 Learning and applying knowledge
d115	Listening			36
d155	Acquiring skills	Analytical skills		36 ⁺	57^-
		Developing coping strategies		40
		Developing different learning styles		42
		Learning a new skill		42°, 44⁺
		Learning operating instrument names		42
		Practical skills		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺
d160	Focusing attention			31 ⁺, 37 ⁺
d166	Reading			28 ^-, 29 ^-, 30 ^-, 31 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 37 ^-, 40 ^-, 42^-, 43^-	45°, 54°, 55^-, 56^-, 57^-, 60^-
d170	Writing (spelling)			28 ^-, 29 ^-, 30 ^-, 31 ^-, 34 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 39 ^-, 40 ^-, 42^-, 43^-	49 ^-, 54^-, 55^-, 56^-, 57^-, 60^-
d170	Writing (spelling)	Writing reports to work		33 ^-, 41^-, 42^-
d172	Calculating			36 ⁺, 42^-, 43^-	56^-, 60^-
d175	Solving problems			31 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺	57⁺
d2 General tasks and demands
d210	Undertaking a single task			37
d220	Undertaking multiple tasks	Correcting mistakes			52
		Gathering information		36°	56^-
		Giving lectures/presentations/training sessions		31 ⁺, 35 ^-, 42^-
		Meetings		42^-	56^-
		Representing a group		42
d230	Carrying out daily routine			28 ^±, 36 ^±, 37 ^±, 40 ^±, 42^-, 43^±
d240	Handling stress and other responsibilities			36
d240	Handling stress and other responsibilities	Handling responsibilities		28
d3 Communication
d310	Communicating with – receiving – spoken messages			30 ^-, 36 ^±
d315	Communicating with – receiving nonverbal messages	Receiving body gestures		35
d325	Communicating with – receiving – written messages			30 ^-, 36 ^-, 37 ^-	49 ^-, 57^-
d330	Speaking			28 ^-, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ^±	56^-
d330	Speaking	Speaking in public			56
d335	Producing nonverbalmessages	Using drawings		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺
d345	Writing messages	Completing a literacy exercise		40
		Filling in application forms		30 ^-, 40 ^-, 42^-	60^-
		Keeping records		42⁺	56^-
		Note taking		30 ^-, 36 ⁺, 42^-
		Taking telephone messages		42
d355	Discussion	Discussing (LD with employer/problems with colleagues)		30 ^-, 31 ⁺, 34°, 35 ⁺
d 360	Using communication devices and techniques	Dialing a phone		36
		Multitasking (on a computer)		36
		Using computer software/skills		28 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 40 ⁺	57^-
d6 Domestic life
d660	Assisting others	Helping students		31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺
		Motivate students		31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺
		Validate students feelings		31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺
d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships
d710	Basic interpersonal interactions			32
d710	Basic interpersonal interactions	Using social skills		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺	46 ⁺
d720	Complex interpersonal interactions	Forming relationships		28 ^-, 36 ^-
d740	Formal relationships	Relationships with clients		41
d8 Major life areas
d845	Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job	Ability to maintain the career		29 ^-, 40 ^-	56^-
		Demotion or dismissal		37 ^-, 40 ^-, 43^-	56^-
		Meeting their goals		32 ⁺, 42⁺
		Occupation choice		42^-	46°, 53^-, 56^-, 58^-, 59^-
		Securing his current position		29 ^-, 34 ⁺, 40 ^-	46 ^-, 49°, 57^-
		Seeking employment		40
		Skills for performing the job		43
		Survive within the workplace		40
		Terminating a job		34 ^-, 43^-
		Working much harder		28 ^-, 31 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-
d850	Remunerative employment	Achievement/accomplishment		28 ^-, 29 ^±, 31 ^- 42^±, 43^-
		Continuous changing of employment		40
		Employment roles		40
		Employment in unskilled/semiskilled occupations		28 ^-, 40 ^-	50 ^-, 60⁺
		Employment in white-collar/blue-collar jobs			45°, 52 ⁺, 53⁺, 55⁺
		Enabled to excel		36
		Having a job/being employed		28 ⁺	47 ⁺, 51 ⁺, 55⁺
		Having more jobs			47
		Job history		28
		Job at the level of their training or higher		28 ⁺, 36 ⁺
		Job performance		33 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 43^-
		Limited employment opportunities		43^-	47 ^-, 55^-
		Part-time employment		28 ⁺, 29 ⁺	55^-
		Permanently employed			55⁺, 60^-
		Quality of products and processes		41
		Unemployed		28 ^-, 40 ^-	48 ^-, 52 ^-, 59^-
		Workforce abilities			47
Work-related environmental factors: terms of employment
		Access to degree courses		42^-	56⁺
		Attendance		33
		Change in job description/title		34
		Current (annual) salary			46°, 49 ⁺ °, 51 ^-, 52 ^-, 59°
		Extra study leave		42
		Extra time		34 ⁺	56⁺, 57⁺
		Flexible schedule		33 ⁺, 41⁺
		Incentives and bonuses		34
		Income derived from employment			59
		On-the-job training agreement		31 ⁺, 33 ⁺
		Promotion/Job advancement		30 ⁺, 33 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 42⁺	51 ^-
		Tenure used as productivity signal		30 ⁺	47 ⁺
		Tenure with current employer		30 ⁺	47 ⁺
		Wage -gap (with non-LD)			47 ^-, 51°, 52 ⁺
		Wage increase/decrease		33 ⁺, 34 ⁺	47 ⁺
		Working from home		41
		Working at off hours late in the day or night		36 ⁺, 41⁺, 42^-	46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 50 ⁺ 56⁺, 57⁺
Work-related environmental factors: social relationships at work
e3 Support and relationships
e315/e320	Extended family/friends	Support from family/friends		28 ⁺, 29 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 33 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 39 ⁺	55⁺
e325	Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors and community members	Being loners/isolated in the job		37
		Control/check by others		28 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺, 42⁺	56⁺
		Encouragement			56
		Help from colleagues/co-worker assistance		28 ⁺, 30 ^-, 31 ⁺ 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 37 ⁺, 41⁺, 42⁺	46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 56⁺
		Joint goal planning		44
		Joint working		35 ⁺, 44⁺
		Peer pressure		36
		Performance feedback		37
		Secretary dependent		36
		Social relationships with co-workers (trust)		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 37 ^-	56⁺, 57^±
		Support in the workplace		29 ⁺, 30 ^-, 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺ , 42⁺	56⁺
		Workforce morale		42
e330	People in position of authority	Employer assistance-support		30 ^-, 34 ⁺, 38 ⁺, 42^-	47 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 56⁺, 57⁺
		Role of employer-supervisor		30 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 37 ⁺	51 ^-, 57°
		Support of rehabilitation staff		33
e4 Attitudes
e425	Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors and community members	Appreciation of/consideration to mental disabilities		41
		Attitudinal barriers		41^-, 42^-
		Awareness/detection of the disability		34 ^-, 36°, 40 ^-, 41⁺, 42^-
		Discrimination		40 ^-, 41^-, 43^-	47 ^-
		Interest in, acceptance / understanding of dyslexia		28 ^-, 34 ^-, 41^-, 42^-, 43^-	56^-, 57^-
		Labeling people with LD as lazy, slow, dumb or stupid		22 ^-, 39 ^-, 41^-, 42^-
		LD makes me important		34
		LD as a tool to address misconceptions about LD		32 ⁺	57⁺
		Reactions of co-workers		28°, 31 ^- 32 ⁺, 34 ^±, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 39°, 40 ^-, 41^-, 42^-, 43^-	56^±
		Stigmatization by colleagues		40 ^- , 42^-, 43^-
e430	Individual attitudes of people in position of authority	Acceptance of dyslexia by employer		34 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 43⁺	56^-
		Detection/awareness of the disability		34 ^-, 36 ^-, 40 ^-, 41^-, 42^-	47°
		Employer attitudes and knowledge		30 ⁺, 38 ^-, 42^-
		High expectations of people with LD		32 ⁺, 43^-
		Judgment of work on disability		28
		Negative responses from employer		31 ^-, 34 ^-, 40 ^-
		Stigmatization by employer		40
Work-related environmental factors: task content
		Benefits of current position		33
		Challenging students to achieve their potential		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺
		Control over their work		31 ⁺, 36 ⁺,
		Demands involving reading or writing			53^-, 55^-, 58^-
		Demands of the job		33 ^-, 37 ^-	46 ⁺
		Finding a niche		29 ⁺, 36 ⁺
		Increase of independence		36
		Job level		28
		More responsibility		31 ⁺, 30 ⁺, 33 ⁺, 34 ⁺
		Much information in a constant stream			56
		Multitasking is required			56
		Prioritizing tasks			46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 57⁺
		Productivity demands		33
		Self-regulation			46 ⁺, 49 ⁺
		Taking work home		41⁺, 42^-
		Working under pressure		42
		Workload, pressure, more stress		29 ^-, 34 ^-, 41^-, 42^-, 43⁺	56^-
		To work by myself		30 ⁺, 37 ⁺
Work-related environmental factors: working conditions
e125	Products and technology for communication	Assistive technology (like a dictaphone, internet, navigation software, watch, microcassette)		32 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 40 ⁺, 42⁺, 43⁺	46 ⁺, 57⁺
		Clear signs		42
		Computer spelling and grammar programs		28 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 42⁺	56⁺
		Simple words and pictures		42
		Technology interferes with work/Experiment with technology		36
		Visual aids		31
		Voice-mail		36
e135	Products and technology for employment	Accommodations on the job		29 ^-, 30 ^-, 32 ⁺, 34 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 38 ^-, 40 ^- , 42⁺, 43^-, 44	46 ⁺, 49 ^-, 57⁺°
e1650	Financial assets	Budget for an assistant		28 ⁺, 34 ⁺
	Financial assets	Money		40 ^-, 41^-
	Other working conditions	Accessibility of the office environment		41
		Changing/improving the work environment		42
		Finding a quiet/personal work environment		35 ⁺	46 ⁺
		Hearing the words spoken aloud		36
		A mentor		33 ⁺, 34 ⁺
		Time		31 ^-, 34 ⁺, 35 ^-, 37 ^-, 41^-, 42^-
		Using proofreaders		35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 43⁺	46 ⁺, 57⁺
Other work-related environmental factors
		Centrality of LD in his career		39
		Critical knowledge and experiences on LD of employers		38
		Disabling barriers		40
		Information about (the impact of) dyslexia for employers		30 ^-, 38 ^-
		Job shadows		33
		Job visits		33
		School-to-work program		33
		Training sessions regarding disability		41
		Vocational rehabilitation		33
		Work-related injury risk			50
Other environmental factors
e550	Legal services, systems and policies	Certifying disability		41
		Disability Discrimination Act		41
		Diversity agenda		41
		Equality issues		41
		Knowledge of the ADA		30
		Legislation on adults with LD		34 ⁺, 41⁺
e570	Social security services, systems and policies	Income from government benefits/resources			59
Personal factors
---	General personal data:	Age			45°, 46°, 49°, 52°, 60°
	Socio-demographic factors	Age			45°, 46°, 49°, 52°, 60°
		Gender			45 ⁺, 46°, 47 ^- 48 ^-, 49°, 50 ⁺, 52°. 54°, 60°
		Language			54
		Socio-economic status		39 ⁺, 40 ^-	48 ⁺
		Standard/level of education		41°	45°, 48 ⁺, 59⁺, 60⁺
---	General ‘mental’ personal factors	Aggravation		30
		Common sense			56
		Confidence		42⁺	56⁺
		Creative		31 ⁺, 37 ⁺	56⁺
		Demoralized		40
		Desire to help others		31 ⁺, 37 ⁺
		Detail oriented		36
		Diligent			56
		Empathic		31 ⁺	56⁺, 57⁺
		Humorous		35 ⁺	56⁺
		Innovative		31 ⁺, 37 ⁺
		Learning/Coping strategies:		28 ⁺, 29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 37 ⁺, 40 ⁺, 41⁺, 42⁺	46 ⁺, 47 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 56⁺
			Adjusted to the disability	43
			Ask caller to speak slowly	42
			Authoritative language	39
			Avoid my weaknesses	36
			Avoidance	28 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ⁺
			Aware of limitations	35
			Be aware of problem words	42
			Bluffing	39
			Camouflage	28 ^-, 40 ^-
			Compensatory skills	36 ⁺, 39 ⁺, 43⁺	47 ⁺
			Develop own shorthand	42
			Disclosing weaknesses	31
			Distancing himself from others	29 ^-, 39 ^-
			Establish themselves as intelligent	40
			Excessive amount of energy in work	28
			Exposing own difficulties	31
			Get writings/forms checked	35 ⁺, 42⁺
			Give colour coded feedback	35
			Hiding the LD	35 ^-, 37 ^-, 40 ^-
			Leave and come back later, when losing concentration	42
			Make careful mental and concrete preparations	35
			Make lists or leave notes for myself		56
			Make people write things down what they have said	35 ⁺, 36 ⁺
			Mnemonics	35
			Other practical solutions	28
			Overcompensation	28
			Paper and pencil in pocket	42
			Pattern of overachieving	29
			Physical activities to recall ideas	35
			Read back messages to caller	42
			Read novels to experience different types of writing	42
			Repeat names many times	42
			Repression	28
			Tricks	28
			Using prompts to recall topics	35
			Use set phrases	42
			Visualization techniques	35
			Write things out in rough	42
		Literacy level		40 ^-	54⁺, 59⁺, 60⁺
		Openness		28 ^±, 30 ^-, 31 ⁺, 42^-, 43^-
		Patience		36
		Personal problems		28
		Pride		29
		Satisfaction with life		28
		Secretive		43
		Sensitive to emotional experiences of others		29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 37 ⁺
		Self-advocacy		30 ^±, 38 ⁺, 44⁺
		Self-control		28
		Self-disclosure		30 ^-, 32 ⁺, 34 ⁺,35 ⁺, 37°, 38 ^-, 39°, 40 ^-, 43	46 ^-, 49 ^0-, 56⁺, 57
		Self-efficacy		35 ⁺	46 ⁺, 49 ⁺
		Self-empowerment		39
		Self-esteem		29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 39 ⁺, 42⁺	48 ⁺
Self-promotion		30
Self-reliant		36
Self-sufficient		36
Social person		36
Stress avoidance		28
Stress-experience/being stressed		28 ^-, 29 ^-, 34 ^-, 35 ^-, 36 ^-, 37 ^-, 42^-
Stubborn			57
Tolerant			56
Visual		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺
---	Health related personal factors	Accepting the LD/dyslexia		28
		Experiences with LD/dyslexia		29 ^-, 37 ^-
		Impact of the LD/dyslexia		28 ^-, 36 ^-, 37°, 40°, 41^-, 42^-, 43^-	46 ^-, 49 ^0-, 55^-, 56^-. 57^-
		Locus of control			48
		Management of the LD/dyslexia		40
---	Work related personal factors	Collaborative/co-operative		31
		Commitment		33
		Compliance		38
		Determination		31 ⁺, 35 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 42⁺	56⁺
		Focus		33
		Force of will		39
		Goal driven		33
		Independence		29 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 36 ⁺	49 ⁺
		Job/career satisfaction		28 ⁰⁺, 36 ⁺, 43⁺	46 ⁺, 49 ⁺, 51 ^-
		Prestige aspirations		31 ⁺	48 ⁺
		Proactive		31 ⁺
		Productivity/worker characteristics			47
		Successful		29 ⁺, 31 ⁺, 32 ⁺, 36 ⁺, 41⁺
		Tenacity		34
		Underchallenged		29
		Work ethic		29

The studies which are in bold are the studies that meet the minimum level of the quality criteria. (In each category the findings are in alphabetical order).

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpublichealth@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com