Skip to main content

Table 2 Associations between ethnicity and overweight at 48 months, and contribution of early life factors in the Generation R Study (n = 2994) a

From: The role of early life factors in the development of ethnic differences in growth and overweight in preschool children: a prospective birth cohort

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Child’s ethnicity

      

Native Dutch

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Turkish

3.25 (2.39-4.41)

2.14 (1.47-3.11)

2.62 (1.90-3.63)

3.69 (2.69-5.06)

3.04 (2.23-4.15)

2.02 (1.34-3.04)

Moroccan

2.40 (1.66-3.47)

1.65 (1.08-2.52)

1.88 (1.28-2.78)

2.63 (1.81-3.83)

2.31 (1.59-3.36)

1.48 (0.92-2.38)

Cape Verdean

2.00 (1.22-3.27)

1.39 (0.81-2.38)

1.94 (1.15-3.25)

2.63 (1.59-4.37)

1.88 (1.14-3.11)

1.78 (0.99-3.20)

Antillean/Surinamese-Creole

1.82 (1.16-2.87)

1.46 (0.89-2.40)

1.63 (1.01-2.62)

2.25 (1.41-3.57)

1.85 (1.17-2.92)

1.78 (1.06-3.02)

Surinamese-Hindu

0.89 (0.41-1.96)

0.68 (0.30-1.54)

0.81 (0.36-1.83)

1.39 (0.62-3.09)

0.88 (0.49-1.94)

1.04 (0.44-2.47)

Household income

      

Low

 

0.93 (0.62-1.38)

   

1.03 (0.70-1.53)

Above average

 

1 (ref)

   

1 (ref)

Mother’s educational level

      

High

 

0.51 (0.36-0.73)

   

0.61 (0.41-0.89)

Middle

 

0.35 (0.23-0.54)

   

0.48 (0.30-0.77)

Low

 

1 (ref)

   

1 (ref)

Material hardship

      

No

 

1 (ref)

   

1 (ref)

Yes

 

1.19 (0.97-1.80)

   

1.13 (0.75-1.71)

Mother’s BMI (per unit)

  

1.07 (1.04-1.10)

  

1.05 (1.02-1.08)

Father’s BMI (per unit)

  

1.15 (1.09-1.20)

  

1.14 (1.08-1.21)

Smoking during pregnancy

      

No

  

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

Yes

  

1.36 (0.85-2.18)

  

1.49 (0.96-2.31)

Birth weight (per 500 gram)

   

1.05 (1.04-1.07)

 

1.06 (1.04-1.07)

Gestational age (per week)

   

0.85 (0.78-0.93)

 

0.88 (0.80-0.96)

Breastfeeding at 6 months

      

No

    

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Yes

    

1.26 (0.98-1.62)

1.33 (1.02-1.75)

Difference in BMI between birth and 6 months (per unit)

    

1.29 (1.17-1.42)

1.41 (1.26-1.58)

  1. aValues are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals). Values in bold indicate statistical significance.
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
  3. Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, and socio-demographics (household income, mother's education, material hardship).
  4. Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, and parental (parental BMI, maternal smoking during pregnancy).
  5. Model 4: adjusted for sex, age, and birth characteristics (birth weight and gestational age).
  6. Model 5: adjusted for sex, age, and postnatal factors (breastfeeding, infant weight gain).
  7. Model 6: adjusted for all variables in model 1–5 simultaneously.
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us