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Table 2 Risk factors associated with antibodies a against Toxoplasma gondii among participants ≥6 years old; NHANES 1999–2004, 2009-10 b

From: Drinking water source and human Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data

Variable

N

IgG positivec

Unadjusted ORd

Adjusted ORd

  

n (%)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Survey year

    

 1999-2000

5089

602 (13.3)

Ref

Ref

 2001-2002

5751

527 (9.3)

0.7 (0.5-0.9) e

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

 2003-2004

5120

434 (10.8)

0.8 (0.6-1.0)

0.8 (0.6-1.1)

 2009-2010

7070

1079 (13.2)

1.0 (0.8-1.2)

0.6 (0.5-0.7)

Age

    

 Continuous (years)

23030

2642 (11.7)

1.03 (1.03-1.03)

1.03 (1.03-1.04)

Age group (years)

    

 6-12

4274

155 (3.5)

Ref

--

 13-17

4693

279 (4.6)

1.4 (1.03-1.8)

--

 18-28

4810

488 (9.2)

2.8 (2.3-3.5)

--

 29-43

4799

757 (14.0)

4.5 (3.6-5.8)

--

 ≥44

4450

963 (17.7)

6.0 (4.5-8.0)

--

Gender

    

 Female

11791

1240 (10.8)

Ref

Ref

 Male

11239

1402 (12.6)

1.2 (1.04-1.4)

1.2 (1.1-1.4)

Race/Ethnicity

    

 Non-Hispanic White

8546

854 (9.9)

Ref

Ref

 Non-Hispanic Black

5535

566 (12.6)

1.3 (1.1-1.6)

1.3 (1.04-1.6)

 Mexican American

6441

749 (13.6)

1.4 (1.2-1.7)

0.5 (0.4-0.7)

 Other Hispanic

1490

366 (24.8)

3.0 (2.3-4.0)

1.6 (1.3-2.1)

 Other, incl. multiracial

1018

107 (12.9)

1.3 (1.02-1.8)

0.7 (0.5-1.0)

Household food securityf

    

 Full food security

15104

1593 (10.9)

Ref

Ref

 Marginally secure or insecure

7212

973 (14.5)

1.4 (1.2-1.6)

1.3 (1.1-1.5)

Smoking statusf,g

    

 Non-smoker

18438

1977 (11.0)

Ref

Ref

 Light smoker/moderate second-hand exposure

1387

194 (13.0)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

 Smoker

3045

447 (14.1)

1.3 (1.1-1.6)

1.2 (1.03-1.5)

Country of originf

    

 United States

18358

1401 (8.9)

Ref

Ref

 Mexico

2661

614 (24.1)

3.2 (2.7-3.9)

6.3 (4.7-8.4)

 Elsewhere

2005

627 (29.2)

4.2 (3.4-5.2)

3.7 (3.0-4.6)

Source and home treatmenth of tap waterf

    

 Home-treated private/public water company

4129

420 (9.9)

Ref

Ref

 Home-untreated private/public water company

16089

1855 (12.1)

1.2 (1.1-1.4)

1.2 (1.003-1.4)

 Home-treated well water

1056

143 (12.7)

1.3 (1.05-1.7)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

 Home-untreated well water

1107

143 (12.3)

1.3 (0.9-1.8)

1.5 (1.02-2.2)

General health conditionf

    

 Excellent

6341

477 (8.5)

Ref

Ref

 Very good

6306

588 (9.8)

1.2 (1.0-1.4)

1.1 (0.9-1.3)

 Good

7090

920 (13.3)

1.7 (1.4-1.9)

1.2 (1.04-1.4)

 Fair

2835

552 (19.2)

2.6 (2.2-2.9)

1.5 (1.3-1.8)

 Poor

447

103 (25.1)

3.6 (2.6-5.0)

1.9 (1.4-2.7)

Took treatment for anemia in past 3 monthsf

    

 No

22397

2526 (11.5)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

625

113 (18.5)

1.7 (1.3-2.3)

1.4 (1.01-2.0)

Blood eosinophils numberf

    

 Continuous (1000 cells/uL)

22940

2629 (11.7)

1.4 (1.02-1.9)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

  1. aFor Continuous NHANES 1999–2004: IgG ≥10 IU = positive; IgG <10 IU = negative. For Continuous NHANES 2009–2010: IgG ≥33 IU/mL = positive; IgG <33 IU/mL = negative. b T. gondii serology performed only among participants ages 6–49 for 1999–2004 data. cAll prevalence estimates were weighted. dWald Chi-square logistic regression used. eBolded font denotes statistically significant data (P < 0.05). fCovariate has some missing data. gBased on serum cotinine level (ng/mL); nonsmoker <10, light smoker/second-hand exposure 10–99, smoker ≥100. hTypes of home water treatment devices included: Brita® or other pitcher water filter, ceramic or charcoal filter, water softener, aerator, reverse osmosis.
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BMC Public Health

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